相信每个人都被问过无数次Spring声明式事务的隔离级别和传播机制吧！今天我也来说说这两个东西.
加入一个小插曲，
一天电话里有人问我声明式事务隔离级别有哪几种，
我就回答了7种，
他问我Spring的版本，
我回答为3.0。
他说那应该是2.5的，3.0好像变少了。
我回答这个没有确认过。后来我就google了一下，没发现什么痕迹说明事务的隔离级别变少了，也查了下官方文档，也没有相关的说明。索性在github上clone一下Spring的源码，看看源码中有几种就是几种了呗。
后来想想那天他那么问我完全可能是一个坑啊，因为交谈的过程中挖过至少两个坑了。再者说，Spring要向下兼容的，如果少了怎么处理呢？当然这两点都是我自己的猜测。
声明式事务
在Spring中，声明式事务是用事务参数来定义的。一个事务参数就是对事务策略应该如何应用到某个方法的一段描述，如下图所示一个事务参数共有5个方面组成：
传播行为
事务的第一个方面是传播行为。传播行为定义关于客户端和被调用方法的事务边界。Spring定义了7中传播行为。
| 传播行为 | 意义 |
|---|---|
| PROPAGATION_MANDATORY | 表示该方法必须运行在一个事务中。如果当前没有事务正在发生，将抛出一个异常 |
| PROPAGATION_NESTED | 表示如果当前正有一个事务在进行中，则该方法应当运行在一个嵌套式事务中。被嵌套的事务可以独立于封装事务进行提交或回滚。如果封装事务不存在，行为就像PROPAGATION_REQUIRES一样。 |
| PROPAGATION_NEVER | 表示当前的方法不应该在一个事务中运行。如果一个事务正在进行，则会抛出一个异常。 |
| PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED | 表示该方法不应该在一个事务中运行。如果一个现有事务正在进行中，它将在该方法的运行期间被挂起。 |
| PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS | 表示当前方法不需要事务性上下文，但是如果有一个事务已经在运行的话，它也可以在这个事务里运行。 |
| PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW | 表示当前方法必须在它自己的事务里运行。一个新的事务将被启动，而且如果有一个现有事务在运行的话，则将在这个方法运行期间被挂起。 |
| PROPAGATION_REQUIRES | 表示当前方法必须在一个事务中运行。如果一个现有事务正在进行中，该方法将在那个事务中运行，否则就要开始一个新事务。 |
传播规则回答了这样一个问题，就是一个新的事务应该被启动还是被挂起，或者是一个方法是否应该在事务性上下文中运行。
隔离级别
声明式事务的第二个方面是隔离级别。隔离级别定义一个事务可能受其他并发事务活动活动影响的程度。另一种考虑一个事务的隔离级别的方式，是把它想象为那个事务对于事物处理数据的自私程度。
在一个典型的应用程序中，多个事务同时运行，经常会为了完成他们的工作而操作同一个数据。并发虽然是必需的，但是会导致一下问题：
- 脏读（Dirty read）-- 脏读发生在一个事务读取了被另一个事务改写但尚未提交的数据时。如果这些改变在稍后被回滚了，那么第一个事务读取的数据就会是无效的。
- 不可重复读（Nonrepeatable read）-- 不可重复读发生在一个事务执行相同的查询两次或两次以上，但每次查询结果都不相同时。这通常是由于另一个并发事务在两次查询之间更新了数据。
- 幻影读（Phantom reads）-- 幻影读和不可重复读相似。当一个事务（T1）读取几行记录后，另一个并发事务（T2）插入了一些记录时，幻影读就发生了。在后来的查询中，第一个事务（T1）就会发现一些原来没有的额外记录。
在理想状态下，事务之间将完全隔离，从而可以防止这些问题发生。然而，完全隔离会影响性能，因为隔离经常牵扯到锁定在数据库中的记录（而且有时是锁定完整的数据表）。侵占性的锁定会阻碍并发，要求事务相互等待来完成工作。
考虑到完全隔离会影响性能，而且并不是所有应用程序都要求完全隔离，所以有时可以在事务隔离方面灵活处理。因此，就会有好几个隔离级别。
| 隔离级别 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| ISOLATION_DEFAULT | 使用后端数据库默认的隔离级别。 |
| ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED | 允许读取尚未提交的更改。可能导致脏读、幻影读或不可重复读。 |
| ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED | 允许从已经提交的并发事务读取。可防止脏读，但幻影读和不可重复读仍可能会发生。 |
| ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ | 对相同字段的多次读取的结果是一致的，除非数据被当前事务本身改变。可防止脏读和不可重复读，但幻影读仍可能发生。 |
| ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE | 完全服从ACID的隔离级别，确保不发生脏读、不可重复读和幻影读。这在所有隔离级别中也是最慢的，因为它通常是通过完全锁定当前事务所涉及的数据表来完成的。 |
只读
声明式事务的第三个特性是它是否是一个只读事务。如果一个事务只对后端数据库执行读操作，那么该数据库就可能利用那个事务的只读特性，采取某些优化
措施。通过把一个事务声明为只读，可以给后端数据库一个机会来应用那些它认为合适的优化措施。由于只读的优化措施是在一个事务启动时由后端数据库实施的，
因此，只有对于那些具有可能启动一个新事务的传播行为（PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW、PROPAGATION_REQUIRED、
ROPAGATION_NESTED）的方法来说，将事务声明为只读才有意义。
此外，如果使用Hibernate作为持久化机制，那么把一个事务声明为只读，将使Hibernate的flush模式被设置为FLUSH_NEVER。这就告诉Hibernate避免和数据库进行不必要的对象同步，从而把所有更新延迟到事务的结束。
事务超时
为了使一个应用程序很好地执行，它的事务不能运行太长时间。因此，声明式事务的下一个特性就是它的超时。
假设事务的运行时间变得格外的长，由于事务可能涉及对后端数据库的锁定，所以长时间运行的事务会不必要地占用数据库资源。这时就可以声明一个事务在特定秒数后自动回滚，不必等它自己结束。
由于超时时钟在一个事务启动的时候开始的，因此，只有对于那些具有可能启动一个新事务的传播行为（PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW、PROPAGATION_REQUIRED、ROPAGATION_NESTED）的方法来说，声明事务超时才有意义。
回滚规则
事务五边形的对后一个边是一组规则，它们定义哪些异常引起回滚，哪些不引起。在默认设置下，事务只在出现运行时异常（runtime
exception）时回滚，而在出现受检查异常（checked exception）时不回滚（这一行为和EJB中的回滚行为是一致的）。
不过，也可以声明在出现特定受检查异常时像运行时异常一样回滚。同样，也可以声明一个事务在出现特定的异常时不回滚，即使那些异常是运行时一场。
扩展阅读
标题是只有事务的隔离级别和传播机制，却顺带这把声明式事务的五个特性都讲述了一遍。：）
文章开头说过查看Spring中事务的源码来确认3.0版本及之后事务的传播机制是否减少了，其实在TransactionDefinition这个接口中定义了事务的隔离级别、传播机制、只读以及超时相关的全部信息。源码如下，感兴趣的可以自己对照一下，看看英文注释。
/*
* Copyright 2002-2010 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/ package org.springframework.transaction; import java.sql.Connection; /**
* Interface that defines Spring-compliant transaction properties.
* Based on the propagation behavior definitions analogous to EJB CMT attributes.
*
* <p>Note that isolation level and timeout settings will not get applied unless
* an actual new transaction gets started. As only {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED},
* {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW} and {@link #PROPAGATION_NESTED} can cause
* that, it usually doesn't make sense to specify those settings in other cases.
* Furthermore, be aware that not all transaction managers will support those
* advanced features and thus might throw corresponding exceptions when given
* non-default values.
*
* <p>The {@link #isReadOnly() read-only flag} applies to any transaction context,
* whether backed by an actual resource transaction or operating non-transactionally
* at the resource level. In the latter case, the flag will only apply to managed
* resources within the application, such as a Hibernate <code>Session</code>.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 08.05.2003
* @see PlatformTransactionManager#getTransaction(TransactionDefinition)
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionDefinition
* @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute
*/
public interface TransactionDefinition { /**
* Support a current transaction; create a new one if none exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>This is typically the default setting of a transaction definition,
* and typically defines a transaction synchronization scope.
*/
int PROPAGATION_REQUIRED = 0; /**
* Support a current transaction; execute non-transactionally if none exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> For transaction managers with transaction synchronization,
* <code>PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS</code> is slightly different from no transaction
* at all, as it defines a transaction scope that synchronization might apply to.
* As a consequence, the same resources (a JDBC <code>Connection</code>, a
* Hibernate <code>Session</code>, etc) will be shared for the entire specified
* scope. Note that the exact behavior depends on the actual synchronization
* configuration of the transaction manager!
* <p>In general, use <code>PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS</code> with care! In particular, do
* not rely on <code>PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</code> or <code>PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW</code>
* <i>within</i> a <code>PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS</code> scope (which may lead to
* synchronization conflicts at runtime). If such nesting is unavoidable, make sure
* to configure your transaction manager appropriately (typically switching to
* "synchronization on actual transaction").
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#setTransactionSynchronization
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#SYNCHRONIZATION_ON_ACTUAL_TRANSACTION
*/
int PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS = 1; /**
* Support a current transaction; throw an exception if no current transaction
* exists. Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note that transaction synchronization within a <code>PROPAGATION_MANDATORY</code>
* scope will always be driven by the surrounding transaction.
*/
int PROPAGATION_MANDATORY = 2; /**
* Create a new transaction, suspending the current transaction if one exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
* {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
* which requires the <code>javax.transaction.TransactionManager</code>
* to be made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard J2EE).
* <p>A <code>PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW</code> scope always defines its own
* transaction synchronizations. Existing synchronizations will be suspended
* and resumed appropriately.
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
int PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW = 3; /**
* Do not support a current transaction; rather always execute non-transactionally.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
* {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
* which requires the <code>javax.transaction.TransactionManager</code>
* to be made available it to it (which is server-specific in standard J2EE).
* <p>Note that transaction synchronization is <i>not</i> available within a
* <code>PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED</code> scope. Existing synchronizations
* will be suspended and resumed appropriately.
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
int PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 4; /**
* Do not support a current transaction; throw an exception if a current transaction
* exists. Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note that transaction synchronization is <i>not</i> available within a
* <code>PROPAGATION_NEVER</code> scope.
*/
int PROPAGATION_NEVER = 5; /**
* Execute within a nested transaction if a current transaction exists,
* behave like {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED} else. There is no analogous
* feature in EJB.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual creation of a nested transaction will only work on
* specific transaction managers. Out of the box, this only applies to the JDBC
* {@link org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager}
* when working on a JDBC 3.0 driver. Some JTA providers might support
* nested transactions as well.
* @see org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager
*/
int PROPAGATION_NESTED = 6; /**
* Use the default isolation level of the underlying datastore.
* All other levels correspond to the JDBC isolation levels.
* @see java.sql.Connection
*/
int ISOLATION_DEFAULT = -1; /**
* Indicates that dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads
* can occur.
* <p>This level allows a row changed by one transaction to be read by another
* transaction before any changes in that row have been committed (a "dirty read").
* If any of the changes are rolled back, the second transaction will have
* retrieved an invalid row.
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED
*/
int ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED; /**
* Indicates that dirty reads are prevented; non-repeatable reads and
* phantom reads can occur.
* <p>This level only prohibits a transaction from reading a row
* with uncommitted changes in it.
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED
*/
int ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED; /**
* Indicates that dirty reads and non-repeatable reads are prevented;
* phantom reads can occur.
* <p>This level prohibits a transaction from reading a row with uncommitted changes
* in it, and it also prohibits the situation where one transaction reads a row,
* a second transaction alters the row, and the first transaction re-reads the row,
* getting different values the second time (a "non-repeatable read").
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
*/
int ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ = Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ; /**
* Indicates that dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads
* are prevented.
* <p>This level includes the prohibitions in {@link #ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ}
* and further prohibits the situation where one transaction reads all rows that
* satisfy a <code>WHERE</code> condition, a second transaction inserts a row
* that satisfies that <code>WHERE</code> condition, and the first transaction
* re-reads for the same condition, retrieving the additional "phantom" row
* in the second read.
* @see java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
*/
int ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE; /**
* Use the default timeout of the underlying transaction system,
* or none if timeouts are not supported.
*/
int TIMEOUT_DEFAULT = -1; /**
* Return the propagation behavior.
* <p>Must return one of the <code>PROPAGATION_XXX</code> constants
* defined on {@link TransactionDefinition this interface}.
* @return the propagation behavior
* @see #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#isActualTransactionActive()
*/
int getPropagationBehavior(); /**
* Return the isolation level.
* <p>Must return one of the <code>ISOLATION_XXX</code> constants
* defined on {@link TransactionDefinition this interface}.
* <p>Only makes sense in combination with {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}
* or {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}.
* <p>Note that a transaction manager that does not support custom isolation levels
* will throw an exception when given any other level than {@link #ISOLATION_DEFAULT}.
* @return the isolation level
*/
int getIsolationLevel(); /**
* Return the transaction timeout.
* <p>Must return a number of seconds, or {@link #TIMEOUT_DEFAULT}.
* <p>Only makes sense in combination with {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}
* or {@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}.
* <p>Note that a transaction manager that does not support timeouts will throw
* an exception when given any other timeout than {@link #TIMEOUT_DEFAULT}.
* @return the transaction timeout
*/
int getTimeout(); /**
* Return whether to optimize as a read-only transaction.
* <p>The read-only flag applies to any transaction context, whether
* backed by an actual resource transaction
* ({@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRED}/{@link #PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW}) or
* operating non-transactionally at the resource level
* ({@link #PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS}). In the latter case, the flag will
* only apply to managed resources within the application, such as a
* Hibernate <code>Session</code>.
* <p>This just serves as a hint for the actual transaction subsystem;
* it will <i>not necessarily</i> cause failure of write access attempts.
* A transaction manager which cannot interpret the read-only hint will
* <i>not</i> throw an exception when asked for a read-only transaction.
* @return <code>true</code> if the transaction is to be optimized as read-only
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronization#beforeCommit(boolean)
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#isCurrentTransactionReadOnly()
*/
boolean isReadOnly(); /**
* Return the name of this transaction. Can be <code>null</code>.
* <p>This will be used as the transaction name to be shown in a
* transaction monitor, if applicable (for example, WebLogic's).
* <p>In case of Spring's declarative transactions, the exposed name will be
* the <code>fully-qualified class name + "." + method name</code> (by default).
* @return the name of this transaction
* @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager#getCurrentTransactionName()
*/
String getName(); }
还是觉得不安心，发两张图证明隔离级别和传播机制：
- eclipse中给出的关于传播机制的智能提示截图
- eclipse中给出的关于隔离级别的智能提示截图