Django框架导读
一、课程导读
1、web应用 运行在浏览器上的应用 2、c/s b/s 架构 client/server:客户端服务器架构,C++ brower/server:浏览器服务器架构,Java、Python 底层均是基于socket 3、Python Web框架 a.socket b.页面路由 c.模板渲染 Django a用的wsgiref b自己写的 c自己写的 功能全面 Flask a用的第三方 b自己写的 c自己写的 小而轻 Tornado a自己写的 b自己写的 c自己写的 支持高并发
二、原生socket服务
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目录结构
part1 -- index.html -- server.py
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基础socket服务
import socket # 利用socket建立服务器对象 server = socket.socket() # 设置ip和端口 server.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8001)) # 设置监听 server.listen(5) print('服务器设置成功') print('浏览器访问:http://127.0.0.1:8001') while True: # 阻塞等待客户端数据 client, address = server.accept() # 接收数据 data = client.recv(1024) print('接收到数据: ', data) # 返回数据 client.send(b'Normal Socket Web') # 关闭连接(必须关闭每一次连接) client.close() # 浏览器错误:发送的响应无效,原因:响应不满足http协议 ''' # 请求发来的数据 b'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: 127.0.0.1:8001\r\n Connection: keep-alive\r\n Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\r\n User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.110 Safari/537.36\r\n Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8\r\n Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\n Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8\r\n Cookie: csrftoken=szfYLDVuqvRhlveNpNE2rp1GYOcI5x7mRNfvkRWTMRNRwWxXMZWOhL1MqknYJ7jg; sessionid=3pphvmw2icub0bea7nn02u6wev17k4uw\r\n \r\n' '''
三、http协议
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什么是http协议
# HTTP(HyperText Transport Protocol)是超文本传输协议 # 基于TCP/IP协议基础上的应用层协议,底层实现仍为socket # 基于请求-响应模式:通信一定是从客户端开始,服务器端接收到客户端一定会做出对应响应 # 无状态:协议不对任何一次通信状态和任何数据做保存 # 无连接:一次连接只完成一次请求-响应,请求-响应完毕后会立即断开连接
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http工作原理(事务)
# 一次http操作称之为一个事务,工作过程可分为四步 # 1.客户端与服务端建立连接 # 2.客户端发生一个http协议指定格式的请求 # 3.服务器端接收请求后,响应一个http协议指定格式的响应 # 4.客户端将服务器的响应显示展现给用户
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请求报文
# 请求行 请求头 请求体 ''' POST / HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: 127.0.0.1:8001\r\n Connection: keep-alive\r\n Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\r\n User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.110 Safari/537.36\r\n Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8\r\n Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\n Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8\r\n \r\n usr=abc&pwd=123 '''
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响应报文
# 响应行 响应头 响应体 ''' HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Content-type:text/html\r\n \r\n Login Success '''
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修改返回数据,完善响应体
# 字符串 client.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n') client.send(b'\r\n') client.send(b'Normal Socket Web') # html代码,请求头要设置支持html代码 client.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n') client.send(b'Content-type:text/html\r\n') client.send(b'\r\n') client.send(b'<h1>Normal Socket Web</h1>') # html文件(同级目录建立一个index.html页面) client.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n') client.send(b'Content-type:text/html\r\n') client.send(b'\r\n') # 利用文件方式读取页面 with open('index.html', 'rb') as f: dt = f.read() client.send(dt)
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修改接收数据,模拟后台路由
# 分析接收到的数据 data = client.recv(1024) # 保证接收到的数据作为字符串进行以下处理 data = str(data, encoding='utf-8') # 拆分出地址位 route = data.split('\r\n')[0].split(' ')[1] # 匹配地址,做出不同的响应 if route == '/index': with open('index.html', 'rb') as f: dt = f.read() elif route == '/login': # 新建login页面 with open('login.html', 'rb') as f: dt = f.read() else: dt = b'404' client.send(dt)
# 1打头:消息通知 # 2打头:请求成功 # 3打头:重定向 # 4打头:客户端错误 # 5打头:服务器端错误
四、框架演变
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目录结构
part2 -- favicon.ico -- index.html -- manage.py
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manage.py
import socket import pymysql # 响应头 RESP_HEADER = b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-type:text/html\r\n\r\n' # 请求处理 def index(): # 以字节方式读取文件 with open('index.html', 'rb') as f: dt = f.read() return dt def ico(): with open(favicon.jpeg, 'rb') as f: dt = f.read() return dt def user(): # 数据库操作 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, db='django', user='root', password='root') cur = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) cur.execute('select * from user') users = cur.fetchall() print(users) users = '''%d:%s %d:%s''' % (users[0]['id'], users[0]['name'], users[1]['id'], users[1]['name']) return users.encode('utf-8') # 设置路由 urls = { # 请求路径与请求处理函数一一对应 '/index': index, favicon.jpeg: ico, '/user': user } # 设置socket def serve(host, port): server = socket.socket() server.bind((host, port)) print('start:http://' + host + ':' + str(port)) server.listen(5) while True: sock, addr = server.accept() data = sock.recv(1024) data = str(data, encoding='utf-8') print(data) route = data.split('\r\n')[0].split(' ')[1] resp = b'404' if route in urls: resp = urls[route]() sock.send(RESP_HEADER) sock.send(resp) sock.close()# 启服务if __name__ == '__main__': serve('127.0.0.1', 8002)
五、项目演变
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目录结构
03_proj -- template -- index.html -- user.html favicon.ico start.py urls.py views.py
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index.html
<h1>{{ name }}</h1>
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user.html
<table border="1"> <tr> <th>id</th> <th>name</th> <th>password</th> </tr> {% for user in users%} <tr> <td>{{user.id}}</td> <td>{{user.name}}</td> <td>{{user.password}}</td> </tr> {% endfor %} </table>
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start.py
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server from urls import urls def app(env, response): print(env) # 设置响应头 response("200 OK", [('Content-type', 'text/html')]) route = env['PATH_INFO'] print(route) data = urls['error']() if route in urls: data = urls[route]() # 返回二进制响应体 return [data] if __name__ == '__main__': server = make_server('127.0.0.1', 8003, app) print('start:http://127.0.0.1:8003') server.serve_forever()
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urls.py
from views import * urls = { '/index': index, '/favicon.ico': ico, '/user': user, 'error': error }
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views.py
import pymysql # 利用jinja2来渲染模板,将后台数据传给前台 from jinja2 import Template def index(): with open('templates/index.html', 'r') as f: dt = f.read() tem = Template(dt) resp = tem.render(name='主页') return resp.encode('utf-8') def ico(): with open('favicon.ico', 'rb') as f: dt = f.read() return dt def user(): # 数据库操作 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, db='django', user='root', password='root') cur = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) cur.execute('select * from user') users = cur.fetchall() print(users) with open('templates/user.html', 'r') as f: dt = f.read() tem = Template(dt) resp = tem.render(users=users) return resp.encode('utf-8') def error(): return b'404'