TypeScript 基本语法

TypeScript 基本语法

 

TypeScript 是微软开发的 JavaScript 的超集,TypeScript兼容JavaScript,可以载入JavaScript代码然后运行。TypeScript与JavaScript相比进步的地方 包括:加入注释,让编译器理解所支持的对象和函数,编译器会移除注释,不会增加开销;增加一个完整的类结构,使之更新是传统的面向对象语言。

TypeScript 微软官方网站 http://www.typescriptlang.org/
TypeScript 源码 http://typescript.codeplex.com

1.基本数据类型

Boolean

//Boolean
var isDone:boolean = false;

Number

//Number
var width:number = 100;

String

//String
var name:string = "hello";

Array

//Array
var list:number[] = [1, 2, 3];
var list:Array<number>=[1, 2, 3];

Enum

//Enum
enum Color {Red, Green, Blue}
var c: Color = Color.Red;
alert(c);//默认下标从0开始,alert(0);
//可以手动指定下标
enum Color1 {Red = 1, Green, Blue}
var c1: Color1 = Color1.Green;
alert(c1);//alert(2)
//根据下标查找名称
enum Color2 {Red = 1, Green=2, Blue=4}
var c2: string = Color2[4];
alert(c2);//alert(Blue)

Any

//不确定类型,退出编译检查
var notSure: any = 4;
notSure = "maybe a string instead";
notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean //不确定数组元素类型
var anylist:any[] = [1, true, "free"];
anylist[1] = 100;

Void

//空白
function warnUser(): void {
alert(123);
}

2.类

基本语法

class Animal {
animalName:string; constructor(name:string) {
this.animalName = name;
} sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
}
} var tom = new Animal("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom:Hello)

继承

class Animal {
animalName:string; constructor(name:string) {
this.animalName = name;
} sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
}
} class Cat extends Animal {
//重写sayHello方法
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + "(Cat):" + "Hello");
}
} class Mouse extends Animal {
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + "(Mouse):" + "Hello");
}
} var tom:Animal = new Cat("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom(Cat):Hello)
var jerry:Animal = new Mouse("Jerry");
jerry.sayHello();//alert(Jerry(Mouse):Hello)

修饰符

当我们把animalName 改为private

class Animal {
private animalName:string;//默认是public constructor(name:string) {
this.animalName = name;
}
//...
} class Cat extends Animal {
//重写sayHello方法
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + "(Cat):" + "Hello");//Error 编译不通过
}
}

get,set 访问器

class Animal {
private _animalName:string;//默认是public get animalName():string {
return this._animalName;
} set animalName(name:string):string {
this._animalName = name;
} //...
}

静态属性

//静态属性
class Table {
static width = 100;
static height = 200;
} var width = Table.width;
alert(width);//alert(100)

3.接口

基本语法

interface ICar {
color:string;
} class Bus implements ICar {
color:string;
constructor() {
this.color = "Blue";
}
} var bus = new Bus();
alert(bus.color);

继承接口

//继承接口
interface Shape {
color: string;
} interface PenStroke {
penWidth: number;
} interface Square extends Shape, PenStroke {
sideLength: number;
}

可选属性

interface ICar {
color:string;
safetyDevice?:any;//实现类无需实现
} function MoveCar(car:ICar){
if(car.safetyDevice)
{
alert("The car is safe");
}
else
{
alert("The car is not safe");
}
}

4.模块(Modules)

作用:1.防止命名空间冲突;2.将一个功能模块很容易的划分到不同文件中,更容易维护;

基本语法

module MyDemo {
export interface IDemo { } export class Demo implements IDemo { }
}

别名

module Shapes {
export module Polygons {
export class Triangle { }
export class Square { }
}
} import polygons = Shapes.Polygons;
var sq = new polygons.Square(); // 类似于 'new Shapes.Polygons.Square()'

5.函数(Function)

基本语法

function add(x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
}
// or
var myAdd = function (x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
};

完整的函数类型

var myAdd:(x:number, y:number)=>number =
function (x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
};

为了增强可读性,给参数x、y具有实际的意义,可以这样写

var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
function (x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
};

第二部分number 是一个返回类型,如果无需返回类型,请使用 'void'
第三部分的function 参数类型,根据上下文类型进行推断,可以省略

var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
function (x, y) {
return x + y;
};

可选参数

//可选参数
function buildName(firstName:string, lastName?:string) {
if (lastName)
return firstName + " " + lastName;
else return firstName;
}
var result1 = buildName("Bob");

默认参数

//默认参数
function buildNameDefaultValue(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
var result1 = buildNameDefaultValue("Bob");

可变参数

例如在C#中,方法参数定义使用param int[],调用方法时,就可以传递多个int类型的参数
在TypeScript中

function buildNameRest(firstName:string, ...restOfName:string[]) {
return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
} var employeeName = buildNameRest("Joseph", "Samuel", "Lucas", "MacKinzie")

Lambads 和this关键字

var people={
name:["张三","李四","王五","赵六"],
getName:function(){
return function(){
var i=Math.floor(Math.random()*4);
return {
n:this.name[i]
}
}
}
} var pname=people.getName();
alert("名字:"+pname().n);

调用发现getName中的this关键字指向的是getName,访问不到外部的name属性
所以我们修改为:

var people = {
name: ["张三", "李四", "王五", "赵六"],
getName: function () {
return ()=> {
var i = Math.floor(Math.random() * 4);
return {
n: this.name[i]
}
}
}
} var pname = people.getName();
alert("名字:" + pname().n);

重载

//重载
function student(name:string):string;
function student(age:number):number;
function student(numberorage:any):any {
if (numberorage && typeof (numberorage) == "string")
alert("姓名");
else
alert("年龄");
}
student("Tom");//alert("姓名")
student(15);//alert("年龄")

6.泛型

基本语法

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
return arg;
} //数组泛型
function identity<T>(arg: T[]): T[] {
console.log(arg.length);
}

泛型类型(通用的函数类型)

function identity<T>(arg:T):T {
return arg;
}
var myIdentity:<T>(arg:T)=>T = identity;//T也可使用其他字母表示
//也可以这么写
//var myIdentity:{<T>(arg:T): T} = identity;

接口泛型

interface GenericIdentityFn {
<T>(arg:T): T;
} function identity<T>(arg:T):T {
return arg;
} var myIdentity:GenericIdentityFn = identity;

泛型类

class GenericNumber<T> {
zeroValue:T;
add:(x:T, y:T) => T;
} var myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber<number>();
myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
myGenericNumber.add = function (x, y) {
return x + y;
};

泛型约束

interface Lengthwise {
length: number;
} function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg:T):T {
console.log(arg.length);
return arg;
} loggingIdentity(3);//error
loggingIdentity({length: 10, value: 3}); //只要类型包含length属性即可

泛型类约束

class Findable<T>
{
//...
}
function find<T>(n: T, s: Findable<T>) {
// ...
}

7.合并

合并接口

interface Box {
height: number;
width: number;
} interface Box {
scale: number;
} var box: Box = {height: 5, width: 6, scale: 10};

合并模块

module Animals {
exportclass Zebra { }
} module Animals {
exportinterface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; }
exportclass Dog { }
} //相当于
module Animals {
exportinterface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; } exportclass Zebra { }
exportclass Dog { }
}

合并模块和类

class Album {
label:Album.AlbumLabel;
}
module Album {
export class AlbumLabel {
}
}

合并模块和函数

function buildLabel(name:string):string {
return buildLabel.prefix + name + buildLabel.suffix;
} module buildLabel {
export var suffix = "";
export var prefix = "Hello, ";
} alert(buildLabel("Sam Smith"));

合并模块与枚举

enum Color {
red = 1,
green = 2,
blue = 4
} module Color {
export function mixColor(colorName:string) {
if (colorName == "yellow") {
return Color.red + Color.green;
}
else if (colorName == "white") {
return Color.red + Color.green + Color.blue;
}
else if (colorName == "magenta") {
return Color.red + Color.blue;
}
else if (colorName == "cyan") {
return Color.green + Color.blue;
}
}
}

不能合并

  • 类与类不能合并
  • 接口与类不能合并
  • 变量与类不能合并

转载请注明出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/xcong/p/4570235.html
文中代码引用自Ts官网和极客学院
TS文件下载 http://files.cnblogs.com/files/xcong/TsDemo.zip

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