转载链接:http://blog.csdn.net/yusiguyuan/article/details/41985907
1、前言
最近项目中用到一个环形缓冲区(ring buffer),代码是由Linux内核的kfifo改过来的。缓冲区在文件系统中经常用到,通过缓冲区缓解cpu读写内存和读写磁盘的速度。例如一个进程A产生数据发给另外一个进程B,进程B需要对进程A传的数据进行处理并写入文件,如果B没有处理完,则A要延迟发送。为了保证进程A减少等待时间,可以在A和B之间采用一个缓冲区,A每次将数据存放在缓冲区中,B每次冲缓冲区中取。这是典型的生产者和消费者模型,缓冲区中数据满足FIFO特性,因此可以采用队列进行实现。Linux内核的kfifo正好是一个环形队列,可以用来当作环形缓冲区。生产者与消费者使用缓冲区如下图所示:
环形缓冲区的详细介绍及实现方法可以参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_buffer,介绍的非常详细,列举了实现环形队列的几种方法。环形队列的不便之处在于如何判断队列是空还是满。*上给三种实现方法。
2、linux 内核kfifo
kfifo设计的非常巧妙,代码很精简,对于入队和出对处理的出人意料。首先看一下kfifo的数据结构:
- struct kfifo {
- unsigned char *buffer; /* the buffer holding the data */
- unsigned int size; /* the size of the allocated buffer */
- unsigned int in; /* data is added at offset (in % size) */
- unsigned int out; /* data is extracted from off. (out % size) */
- spinlock_t *lock; /* protects concurrent modifications */
- };
kfifo提供的方法有:
- //根据给定buffer创建一个kfifo
- struct kfifo *kfifo_init(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int size,
- gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock);
- //给定size分配buffer和kfifo
- struct kfifo *kfifo_alloc(unsigned int size, gfp_t gfp_mask,
- spinlock_t *lock);
- //释放kfifo空间
- void kfifo_free(struct kfifo *fifo)
- //向kfifo中添加数据
- unsigned int kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo,
- const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len)
- //从kfifo中取数据
- unsigned int kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo,
- const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len)
- //获取kfifo中有数据的buffer大小
- unsigned int kfifo_len(struct kfifo *fifo)
定义自旋锁的目的为了防止多进程/线程并发使用kfifo。因为in和out在每次get和out时,发生改变。初始化和创建kfifo的源代码如下:
- struct kfifo *kfifo_init(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int size,
- gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock)
- {
- struct kfifo *fifo;
- /* size must be a power of 2 */
- BUG_ON(!is_power_of_2(size));
- fifo = kmalloc(sizeof(struct kfifo), gfp_mask);
- if (!fifo)
- return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
- fifo->buffer = buffer;
- fifo->size = size;
- fifo->in = fifo->out = 0;
- fifo->lock = lock;
- return fifo;
- }
- struct kfifo *kfifo_alloc(unsigned int size, gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock)
- {
- unsigned char *buffer;
- struct kfifo *ret;
- if (!is_power_of_2(size)) {
- BUG_ON(size > 0x80000000);
- size = roundup_pow_of_two(size);
- }
- buffer = kmalloc(size, gfp_mask);
- if (!buffer)
- return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
- ret = kfifo_init(buffer, size, gfp_mask, lock);
- if (IS_ERR(ret))
- kfree(buffer);
- return ret;
- }
在kfifo_init和kfifo_calloc中,kfifo->size的值总是在调用者传进来的size参数的基础上向2的幂扩展,这是内核一贯的做法。这样的好处不言而喻--对kfifo->size取模运算可以转化为与运算,如:kfifo->in % kfifo->size 可以转化为 kfifo->in & (kfifo->size – 1)
kfifo的巧妙之处在于in和out定义为无符号类型,在put和get时,in和out都是增加,当达到最大值时,产生溢出,使得从0开始,进行循环使用。put和get代码如下所示:
- static inline unsigned int kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo,
- const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- unsigned int ret;
- spin_lock_irqsave(fifo->lock, flags);
- ret = __kfifo_put(fifo, buffer, len);
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(fifo->lock, flags);
- return ret;
- }
- static inline unsigned int kfifo_get(struct kfifo *fifo,
- unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- unsigned int ret;
- spin_lock_irqsave(fifo->lock, flags);
- ret = __kfifo_get(fifo, buffer, len);
- //当fifo->in == fifo->out时,buufer为空
- if (fifo->in == fifo->out)
- fifo->in = fifo->out = 0;
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(fifo->lock, flags);
- return ret;
- }
- unsigned int __kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo,
- const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned int l;
- //buffer中空的长度
- len = min(len, fifo->size - fifo->in + fifo->out);
- /*
- * Ensure that we sample the fifo->out index -before- we
- * start putting bytes into the kfifo.
- */
- smp_mb();
- /* first put the data starting from fifo->in to buffer end */
- l = min(len, fifo->size - (fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1)));
- memcpy(fifo->buffer + (fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1)), buffer, l);
- /* then put the rest (if any) at the beginning of the buffer */
- memcpy(fifo->buffer, buffer + l, len - l);
- /*
- * Ensure that we add the bytes to the kfifo -before-
- * we update the fifo->in index.
- */
- smp_wmb();
- fifo->in += len; //每次累加,到达最大值后溢出,自动转为0
- return len;
- }
- unsigned int __kfifo_get(struct kfifo *fifo,
- unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned int l;
- //有数据的缓冲区的长度
- len = min(len, fifo->in - fifo->out);
- /*
- * Ensure that we sample the fifo->in index -before- we
- * start removing bytes from the kfifo.
- */
- smp_rmb();
- /* first get the data from fifo->out until the end of the buffer */
- l = min(len, fifo->size - (fifo->out & (fifo->size - 1)));
- memcpy(buffer, fifo->buffer + (fifo->out & (fifo->size - 1)), l);
- /* then get the rest (if any) from the beginning of the buffer */
- memcpy(buffer + l, fifo->buffer, len - l);
- /*
- * Ensure that we remove the bytes from the kfifo -before-
- * we update the fifo->out index.
- */
- smp_mb();
- fifo->out += len; //每次累加,到达最大值后溢出,自动转为0
- return len;
- }
put和get在调用__put和__get过程都进行加锁,防止并发。从代码中可以看出put和get都调用两次memcpy,这针对的是边界条件。例如下图:蓝色表示空闲,红色表示占用。
(1)空的kfifo,
(2)put一个buffer后
(3)get一个buffer后
(4)当此时put的buffer长度超出in到末尾长度时,则将剩下的移到头部去
3、测试程序
仿照kfifo编写一个ring_buffer,现有线程互斥量进行并发控制。设计的ring_buffer如下所示:
- /**@brief 仿照linux kfifo写的ring buffer
- *@atuher Anker date:2013-12-18
- * ring_buffer.h
- * */
- #ifndef KFIFO_HEADER_H
- #define KFIFO_HEADER_H
- #include <inttypes.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <errno.h>
- #include <assert.h>
- //判断x是否是2的次方
- #define is_power_of_2(x) ((x) != 0 && (((x) & ((x) - 1)) == 0))
- //取a和b中最小值
- #define min(a, b) (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))
- struct ring_buffer
- {
- void *buffer; //缓冲区
- uint32_t size; //大小
- uint32_t in; //入口位置
- uint32_t out; //出口位置
- pthread_mutex_t *f_lock; //互斥锁
- };
- //初始化缓冲区
- struct ring_buffer* ring_buffer_init(void *buffer, uint32_t size, pthread_mutex_t *f_lock)
- {
- assert(buffer);
- struct ring_buffer *ring_buf = NULL;
- if (!is_power_of_2(size))
- {
- fprintf(stderr,"size must be power of 2.\n");
- return ring_buf;
- }
- ring_buf = (struct ring_buffer *)malloc(sizeof(struct ring_buffer));
- if (!ring_buf)
- {
- fprintf(stderr,"Failed to malloc memory,errno:%u,reason:%s",
- errno, strerror(errno));
- return ring_buf;
- }
- memset(ring_buf, 0, sizeof(struct ring_buffer));
- ring_buf->buffer = buffer;
- ring_buf->size = size;
- ring_buf->in = 0;
- ring_buf->out = 0;
- ring_buf->f_lock = f_lock;
- return ring_buf;
- }
- //释放缓冲区
- void ring_buffer_free(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf)
- {
- if (ring_buf)
- {
- if (ring_buf->buffer)
- {
- free(ring_buf->buffer);
- ring_buf->buffer = NULL;
- }
- free(ring_buf);
- ring_buf = NULL;
- }
- }
- //缓冲区的长度
- uint32_t __ring_buffer_len(const struct ring_buffer *ring_buf)
- {
- return (ring_buf->in - ring_buf->out);
- }
- //从缓冲区中取数据
- uint32_t __ring_buffer_get(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void * buffer, uint32_t size)
- {
- assert(ring_buf || buffer);
- uint32_t len = 0;
- size = min(size, ring_buf->in - ring_buf->out);
- /* first get the data from fifo->out until the end of the buffer */
- len = min(size, ring_buf->size - (ring_buf->out & (ring_buf->size - 1)));
- memcpy(buffer, ring_buf->buffer + (ring_buf->out & (ring_buf->size - 1)), len);
- /* then get the rest (if any) from the beginning of the buffer */
- memcpy(buffer + len, ring_buf->buffer, size - len);
- ring_buf->out += size;
- return size;
- }
- //向缓冲区中存放数据
- uint32_t __ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void *buffer, uint32_t size)
- {
- assert(ring_buf || buffer);
- uint32_t len = 0;
- size = min(size, ring_buf->size - ring_buf->in + ring_buf->out);
- /* first put the data starting from fifo->in to buffer end */
- len = min(size, ring_buf->size - (ring_buf->in & (ring_buf->size - 1)));
- memcpy(ring_buf->buffer + (ring_buf->in & (ring_buf->size - 1)), buffer, len);
- /* then put the rest (if any) at the beginning of the buffer */
- memcpy(ring_buf->buffer, buffer + len, size - len);
- ring_buf->in += size;
- return size;
- }
- uint32_t ring_buffer_len(const struct ring_buffer *ring_buf)
- {
- uint32_t len = 0;
- pthread_mutex_lock(ring_buf->f_lock);
- len = __ring_buffer_len(ring_buf);
- pthread_mutex_unlock(ring_buf->f_lock);
- return len;
- }
- uint32_t ring_buffer_get(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void *buffer, uint32_t size)
- {
- uint32_t ret;
- pthread_mutex_lock(ring_buf->f_lock);
- ret = __ring_buffer_get(ring_buf, buffer, size);
- //buffer中没有数据
- if (ring_buf->in == ring_buf->out)
- ring_buf->in = ring_buf->out = 0;
- pthread_mutex_unlock(ring_buf->f_lock);
- return ret;
- }
- uint32_t ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void *buffer, uint32_t size)
- {
- uint32_t ret;
- pthread_mutex_lock(ring_buf->f_lock);
- ret = __ring_buffer_put(ring_buf, buffer, size);
- pthread_mutex_unlock(ring_buf->f_lock);
- return ret;
- }
- #endif
采用多线程模拟生产者和消费者编写测试程序,如下所示:
- /**@brief ring buffer测试程序,创建两个线程,一个生产者,一个消费者。
- * 生产者每隔1秒向buffer中投入数据,消费者每隔2秒去取数据。
- *@atuher Anker date:2013-12-18
- * */
- #include "ring_buffer.h"
- #include <pthread.h>
- #include <time.h>
- #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 * 1024
- typedef struct student_info
- {
- uint64_t stu_id;
- uint32_t age;
- uint32_t score;
- }student_info;
- void print_student_info(const student_info *stu_info)
- {
- assert(stu_info);
- printf("id:%lu\t",stu_info->stu_id);
- printf("age:%u\t",stu_info->age);
- printf("score:%u\n",stu_info->score);
- }
- student_info * get_student_info(time_t timer)
- {
- student_info *stu_info = (student_info *)malloc(sizeof(student_info));
- if (!stu_info)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "Failed to malloc memory.\n");
- return NULL;
- }
- srand(timer);
- stu_info->stu_id = 10000 + rand() % 9999;
- stu_info->age = rand() % 30;
- stu_info->score = rand() % 101;
- print_student_info(stu_info);
- return stu_info;
- }
- void * consumer_proc(void *arg)
- {
- struct ring_buffer *ring_buf = (struct ring_buffer *)arg;
- student_info stu_info;
- while(1)
- {
- sleep(2);
- printf("------------------------------------------\n");
- printf("get a student info from ring buffer.\n");
- ring_buffer_get(ring_buf, (void *)&stu_info, sizeof(student_info));
- printf("ring buffer length: %u\n", ring_buffer_len(ring_buf));
- print_student_info(&stu_info);
- printf("------------------------------------------\n");
- }
- return (void *)ring_buf;
- }
- void * producer_proc(void *arg)
- {
- time_t cur_time;
- struct ring_buffer *ring_buf = (struct ring_buffer *)arg;
- while(1)
- {
- time(&cur_time);
- srand(cur_time);
- int seed = rand() % 11111;
- printf("******************************************\n");
- student_info *stu_info = get_student_info(cur_time + seed);
- printf("put a student info to ring buffer.\n");
- ring_buffer_put(ring_buf, (void *)stu_info, sizeof(student_info));
- printf("ring buffer length: %u\n", ring_buffer_len(ring_buf));
- printf("******************************************\n");
- sleep(1);
- }
- return (void *)ring_buf;
- }
- int consumer_thread(void *arg)
- {
- int err;
- pthread_t tid;
- err = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, consumer_proc, arg);
- if (err != 0)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create consumer thread.errno:%u, reason:%s\n",
- errno, strerror(errno));
- return -1;
- }
- return tid;
- }
- int producer_thread(void *arg)
- {
- int err;
- pthread_t tid;
- err = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, producer_proc, arg);
- if (err != 0)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create consumer thread.errno:%u, reason:%s\n",
- errno, strerror(errno));
- return -1;
- }
- return tid;
- }
- int main()
- {
- void * buffer = NULL;
- uint32_t size = 0;
- struct ring_buffer *ring_buf = NULL;
- pthread_t consume_pid, produce_pid;
- pthread_mutex_t *f_lock = (pthread_mutex_t *)malloc(sizeof(pthread_mutex_t));
- if (pthread_mutex_init(f_lock, NULL) != 0)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "Failed init mutex,errno:%u,reason:%s\n",
- errno, strerror(errno));
- return -1;
- }
- buffer = (void *)malloc(BUFFER_SIZE);
- if (!buffer)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "Failed to malloc memory.\n");
- return -1;
- }
- size = BUFFER_SIZE;
- ring_buf = ring_buffer_init(buffer, size, f_lock);
- if (!ring_buf)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "Failed to init ring buffer.\n");
- return -1;
- }
- #if 0
- student_info *stu_info = get_student_info(638946124);
- ring_buffer_put(ring_buf, (void *)stu_info, sizeof(student_info));
- stu_info = get_student_info(976686464);
- ring_buffer_put(ring_buf, (void *)stu_info, sizeof(student_info));
- ring_buffer_get(ring_buf, (void *)stu_info, sizeof(student_info));
- print_student_info(stu_info);
- #endif
- printf("multi thread test.......\n");
- produce_pid = producer_thread((void*)ring_buf);
- consume_pid = consumer_thread((void*)ring_buf);
- pthread_join(produce_pid, NULL);
- pthread_join(consume_pid, NULL);
- ring_buffer_free(ring_buf);
- free(f_lock);
- return 0;
- }
总结:
len = min(len, fifo->size - fifo->in + fifo->out);
在 len 和 (fifo->size - fifo->in + fifo->out) 之间取一个较小的值赋给len。注意,当 (fifo->in == fifo->out+fifo->size) 时,表示缓冲区已满,此时得到的较小值一定是0,后面实际写入的字节数也全为0。
另一种边界情况是当 len 很大时(因为len是无符号的,负数对它来说也是一个很大的正数),这一句也能保证len取到一个较小的值,因为 fifo->in总是大于等于 fifo->out ,所以后面的那个表达式 l = min(len, fifo->size - (fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1))); 的值不会超过fifo->size的大小。
smp_mb(); smp_wmb(); 是加内存屏障,这里不是我们讨论的范围,你可以忽略它。
l = min(len, fifo->size - (fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1))); 是把上一步决定的要写入的字节数len “切开”,这里又使用了一个技巧。注意:实际分配给fifo->buffer 的字节数 fifo->size,必须是2的幂,否则这里就会出错。既然 fifo->size 是2的幂,那么 (fifo->size-1) 也就是一个后面几位全为1的数,也就能保证(fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1)) 总为不超过 (fifo->size - 1) 的那一部分,和 (fifo->in)% (fifo->size - 1) 的效果一样。
这样后面的代码就不难理解了,它先向 fifo->in 到缓冲区末端这一块写数据,如果还没写完,在从缓冲区头开始写入剩下的,从而实现了循环缓冲。最后,把写指针后移 len 个字节,并返回len。
从上面可以看出,fifo->in的值可以从0变化到超过fifo->size的数值,fifo->out也如此,但它们的差不会超过fifo->size。