1.静态参数配置
1)文件读取高效sendfile
Syntax: sendfile on | off; Default: sendfile off; Context: http, server, location, if in location
2)提高网络传输效率nopush
Syntax: tcp_nopush on | off; Default: tcp_nopush off; Context: http, server, location
3)提高网络传输实时性tcp_nodelay
Syntax: tcp_nodelay on | off; Default: tcp_nodelay on; Context: http, server, location
2.静态资源文件压缩
Nginx将响应报文发送至客户端之前可以启用压缩功能,这能够有效地节约带宽,并提高响应至客户端的速度。
1)gzip压缩配置语法
Syntax: gzip on | off; Default: gzip off; Context: http, server, location, if in location
2)gzip压缩比率配置语法
Syntax: gzip_comp_level level; Default: gzip_comp_level 1; Context: http, server, location
3)gzip压缩协议版本
Syntax: gzip_http_version 1.0 | 1.1; Default: gzip_http_version 1.1; Context: http, server, location
4)扩展压缩模块
Syntax: gzip_static on | off | always; Default: gzip_static off; Context: http, server, location
5)图片压缩案例
[root@localhost conf.d]# mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/html/images [root@localhost conf.d]# vim server.conf server { listen 80; server_name 127.0.0.1; sendfile on; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; location ~ .*\.(jpg|gif|png)$ { gzip on; gzip_http_version 1.1; gzip_comp_level 2; gzip_types text/plain application/json application/x-javascript application/css application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png; root /usr/share/nginx/html/images; } }
6)文件压缩案例
[root@localhost conf.d]# mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/html/doc [root@localhost conf.d]# vim server.conf server { listen 80; server_name 127.0.0.1; sendfile on; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; location ~ .*\.(txt|xml)$ { gzip on; gzip_http_version 1.1; gzip_comp_level 1; gzip_types text/plain application/json application/x-javascript application/css application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png; root /usr/share/nginx/html/doc; } }
3.静态资源浏览器缓存
HTTP协议定义的缓存机制(如: Expires; Cache-control 等)
1)缓存配置语法expires
Syntax: expires [modified] time; expires epoch | max | off; Default: expires off; Context: http, server, location, if in location
2)配置静态资源缓存
location ~ .*\.(js|css|html)$ { root /usr/share/nginx/html/js; expires 1h; } location ~ .*\.(jpg|gif|png)$ { root /usr/share/nginx/html/images; expires 7d; }
3)开发代码没有正式上线时, 希望静态文件不被缓存
#取消js css html等静态文件缓存 location ~ .*\.(css|js|swf|json|mp4|htm|html)$ { add_header Cache-Control no-store; add_header Pragma no-cache; }
4.静态资源跨域访问
Syntax: add_header name value [always]; Default: — Context: http, server, location, if in location Access-Control-Allow-Origin
1)配置Nginx跨域访问
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim origin.conf server { listen 80; server_name www.example.com; root html; index index.html index.htm; location ~ .*\.(html|htm)$ { add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' $http_origin; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET,POST,PUT,DELETE,OPTIONS'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'DNT,Authorization,Accept,Origin,Keep-Alive,User-Agent,X-Mx-ReqToken,X-Data-Type,X-Auth-Token,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Range'; add_header 'Access-Control-Expose-Headers' 'Content-Length,Content-Range'; if ($request_method = 'OPTIONS') { add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 1728000; add_header 'Content-Type' 'text/plain; charset=utf-8'; add_header 'Content-Length' 0; return 204; } } }
2)参数解释
1、Access-Control-Allow-Origin,这里使用变量 $http_origin取得当前来源域,“*”代表允许所有; 2、Access-Control-Allow-Credentials,为 true 的时候指请求时可带上Cookie; 3、Access-Control-Allow-Methods,OPTIONS一定要有的,另外一般也就GET和POST,如果你有其它的也可加进去; 4、Access-Control-Allow-Headers,这个要注意,里面一定要包含自定义的http头字段; 5、Access-Control-Expose-Headers,可不设置,大致意思是默认只能获返回头的6个基本字段,要获取其它额外的,先在这设置才能获取它; 6、语句“ if ($request_method = 'OPTIONS') { ”,因为浏览器判断是否允许跨域时会先往后端发一个 options 请求,然后根据返回的结果判断是否允许跨域请求,所以这里单独判断这个请求,然后直接返回;
5.静态资源防盗链
盗链指的是在自己的界面展示不在自己服务器上的内容,通过技术手段获得他人服务器的资源地址,绕过别人资源展示页面,在自己页面向用户提供此内容,从而减轻自己服务器的负担,因为真实的空间和流量来自别人服务器。
防盗链设置思路: 区别哪些请求是非正常用户请求
基于http_refer防盗链配置模块
Syntax: valid_referers none | blocked | server_names | string ...; Default: — Context: server, location
1)配置静态资源防盗链
#支持IP、域名、正则方式 location ~ .*\.(jpg|gif|png)$ { valid_referers none blocked www.example.com; if ($invalid_referer) { return 403; } root /usr/share/nginx/html/images; } location ~ .*\.(jpg|gif|png)$ { root html; valid_referers none blocked www.example.com; if ($invalid_referer){ return 403; rewrite ^/ http://127.0.0.1/images/loading.jpg; } }
2)参数解释
1、valid_referers这个关键字定义了白名单; 2、invalid_referer是内置变量,通过判断上一行中的valid_referers值会返回0或者1; 3、none代表请求头中没有referer信息,这一般是直接在浏览器输入图片网址; 4、blocked代表被防火墙过滤标记过的请求; 5、如果访问来源不在白名单内,则返回403错误; 6、可以通过设定指定的图片来代替目标图片;
3)验证
这种实现可以限制大多数普通的非法请求,但不能限制有目的的请求,因为这种方式可以通过伪造referer信息来绕过
#伪造协议头访问 [root@localhost ~]# curl -e "http://www.baidu.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/test.jpg HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Server: nginx/1.18.0 Date: Thu, 09 Jul 2020 07:41:38 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 153 Connection: keep-alive #伪造协议头访问 [root@localhost ~]# curl -e "http://www.example.com" -I http://127.0.0.1/test.jpg HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.18.0 Date: Thu, 09 Jul 2020 07:41:01 GMT Content-Type: image/jpeg Content-Length: 5 Last-Modified: Thu, 09 Jul 2020 07:32:36 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5f06c814-5" Accept-Ranges: bytes