转载:http://my.oschina.net/u/572994/blog/105280
例如有如下模型
models.py
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from django.db import models
class person(models.Model):
name = CharField(max_length = 30 )
class book(models.Model):
auther = ManyToManyField(person)<span>< / span>
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假设p为一个person对象,b为一个book对象
则
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#添加关联 b.auther.add(p) #去除关联 b.auther.remove(p) #返回所有作者 b.auther. all ()
#反向查询,返回这个人写的所有书,book即为反向查询的模型名 p.book_set. all ()
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如果在models.py中
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from django.db import models
class person(models.Model):
name = CharField(max_length = 30 )
class book(models.Model):
#当关联同一个模型的字段大于一个时,要使用related_name参数来指定表名
auther = ManyToManyField(person,related_name = "auther" )
translater = ManyToManyField(person,related_name = "translater" )
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此时反向查询p.book_set.all()不可用,取而代之的为
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#返回该人写的所有书,book_set被related_name中指定的表名代替 p.auther. all ()
#返回该人翻译的所有书 p.translater. all ()
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转载:http://blog.csdn.net/fengyu09/article/details/17434795
要定义多对多关系,使用ManyToManyField字。 (注:django版本1.4)
本例中,一篇文章可以被很多出版社发表,而一个出版社也会发表多个文章。
- from django.db import models
- class Publication(models.Model):
- title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
- # On Python 3: def __str__(self):
- def __unicode__(self):
- return self.title
- class Meta:
- ordering = ('title',)
- class Article(models.Model):
- headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
- publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)
- # On Python 3: def __str__(self):
- def __unicode__(self):
- return self.headline
- class Meta:
- ordering = ('headline',)
接下来我们使用Python API 功能执行操作的例子。
创建两个出版社:
- >>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
- >>> p1.save()
- >>> p2 = Publication(title='Science News')
- >>> p2.save()
- >>> p3 = Publication(title='Science Weekly')
- >>> p3.save()
新建一个文章:
- >>> a1 = Article(headline='Django lets you build Web apps easily')
只有把它保存了,才能把它和出版社关联在一起。否则会出错如下:
- >>> a1.publications.add(p1)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- ...
- ValueError: 'Article' instance needs to have a primary key value before a many-to-many relationship can be used.
保存。
- >>> a1.save()
关联文章和出版社。
建立第2篇文章,让它在两个出版社中出现。
- >>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
- >>> a2.save()
- >>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2)
- >>> a2.publications.add(p3)
再次添加也OK
- >>> a2.publications.add(p3)
如果添加错误类型的对象会发生 TypeError:
- >>> a2.publications.add(a1)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- ...
- TypeError: 'Publication' instance expected
使用create()一次创建并把出版社指派到一篇文章:
- >>> new_publication = a2.publications.create(title='Highlights for Children')
文章对象有权访问和它们相关联的出版社对象(物件):
- >>> a1.publications.all()
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> a2.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]
出版社对象也有权访问与它们相关联的文章对象:
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- [<Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> p1.article_set.all()
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Publication.objects.get(id=4).article_set.all()
- [<Article: NASA uses Python>]
使用 lookups across relationships 来query多对多关系:
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__id__exact=1)
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__pk=1)
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications=1)
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications=p1)
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science")
- [<Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct()
count()函数与distinct()表现相同:
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count()
- 2
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct().count()
- 1
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[1,2]).distinct()
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
- >>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[p1,p2]).distinct()
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]
反向 m2m查询也被支持(如,开始的表格没有 ManyToManyField):
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(id__exact=1)
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(pk=1)
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="NASA")
- [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(article__id__exact=1)
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(article=1)
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(article=a1)
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[1,2]).distinct()
- [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]<p></p><p>>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[a1,a2]).distinct()
- [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]</p>
也可以按自己预期的那样排除一个相关的项目(尽管使用的SQL语句有一点复杂):
- >>> Article.objects.exclude(publications=p2)
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]
如果我们删除一个出版社,那么它的文章就不能够被访问:
- >>> p1.delete()
- >>> Publication.objects.all()
- [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]
- >>> a1 = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
- >>> a1.publications.all()
- []
如果我们删除一篇文章,则它的出版社也不能访问它:
- >>> a2.delete()
- >>> Article.objects.all()
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- []
经由m2m的另一方法来添加:
- >>> a4 = Article(headline='NASA finds intelligent life on Earth')
- >>> a4.save()
- >>> p2.article_set.add(a4)
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>]
- >>> a4.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Science News>]
经由关键字的另一方法添加:
- >>> new_article = p2.article_set.create(headline='Oxygen-free diet works wonders')
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]
- >>> a5 = p2.article_set.all()[1]
- >>> a5.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Science News>]
从文章中移除出版社:
- >>> a4.publications.remove(p2)
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]
- >>> a4.publications.all()
- []
从出版社中移除文章:
- >>> p2.article_set.remove(a5)
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- []
- >>> a5.publications.all()
- []
关系集合可以被分配。分配时所有已经存在的集合成员会被清除:
- >>> a4.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Science News>]
- >>> a4.publications = [p3]
- >>> a4.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Science Weekly>]
关系集合可以清除:
- >>> p2.article_set.clear()
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- []
而且你也可以从另一端清除(注:关系的另一端):
- >>> p2.article_set.add(a4, a5)
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]
- >>> a4.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]
- >>> a4.publications.clear()
- >>> a4.publications.all()
- []
- >>> p2.article_set.all()
- [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]
重建我们删除过的文章和出版社:
- >>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
- >>> p1.save()
- >>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
- >>> a2.save()
- >>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2, p3)
批量删除一些出版社-引用的被删出版社应当去掉:
- >>> Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith='Science').delete()
- >>> Publication.objects.all()
- >>> Article.objects.all()
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: NASA uses Python>,<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]
- >>> a2.publications.all()
- [<Publication: The Python Journal>]
批量删除一些文章-引用的被删除对象应当去掉:
- >>> q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Django')
- >>> print(q)
- [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]
- >>> q.delete()
在delete()以后,QuerySet缓存需要清理,而且引用对象应该被去掉:
- >>> print(q)
- []
- >>> p1.article_set.all()
- [<Article: NASA uses Python>]
除了调用clear()之外,可以赋值一个空的集合:
- >>> p1.article_set = []
- >>> p1.article_set.all()
- []
- >>> a2.publications = [p1, new_publication]
- >>> a2.publications.all()
- [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]
- >>> a2.publications = []
- >>> a2.publications.all()
- []
附:
The Django Book中的1个例子。
按部就班照着它做,没看到它写如何添加Book。
model.py类
- #coding=utf-8
- from django.db import models
- class Publisher(models.Model):
- name=models.CharField(max_length=30)
- address=models.CharField(max_length=50)
- city=models.CharField(max_length=60)
- state_province=models.CharField(max_length=30)
- country=models.CharField(max_length=50)
- website=models.URLField()
- def __unicode__(self):
- return self.name
- class Meta:
- ordering=['name']
- class Author(models.Model):
- first_name=models.CharField(max_length=100)
- last_name=models.CharField(max_length=40)
- email=models.EmailField(max_length=40,verbose_name='email_address',blank=True)
- def __unicode__(self):
- return u'%s %s' % (self.first_name,self.last_name)
- class Book(models.Model):
- title=models.CharField(max_length=100)
- authors=models.ManyToManyField(Author)
- publisher=models.ForeignKey(Publisher)
- publication_date=models.DateField()
- def __unicode__(self):
- return
生成的表是(这里使用mysql):
表中字段为:
setting.py中installed app要加上mysite.books。
cmd进入命令行,在站点下运行命令:
- I:\mysite>manage.py shell
- >>>from mysite.books.models import Publisher,Author,Book
- >>>import datetime
- >>>b1=Book(title='Beginer osf Labview',publisher=Publisher.objects.all()[1],publication_date=datetime.datetime.strptime('20130726','%Y%m%d'))
- >>>b1.save() #保存一下,得到一个book的ID
- >>>b1.authors.add(Author.objects.all()[1])
- >>>b1<Book: Beginer osf Labview>>>> Book.objects.all()[<Book: Learn C>, <Book: Learn Python>, <Book: Beginer osf Labview>]
b1在新建时,需要把出版社和日期都包含进来。否则会出错:
- >>>b2=Book()
- >>>b2.save()
- IntegrityError: (1048, "Column 'publisher_id' cannot be null")
在Book类中可以看到Publisher是外键,在表中会有一个publisher_id不允许为空。
而对于ManyToMany字段,Book中的Author只能使用add方法来添加,添加之前需要通过save()取得一个book的id。
Add以后,不用再次save,也可以保存到数据库?