40.1 互斥锁
40.1.1 介绍
- 互斥锁(mutex)是一种简单的加锁的方法来控制对共享资源的访问。
- 在同一时刻只能有一个线程掌握某个互斥锁,拥有上锁状态的线程能够对共享资源进行访问。
- 若其他线程希望上锁一个已经被上了互斥锁的资源,则该线程挂起,直到上锁的线程释放互斥锁为止。
- 互斥锁的数据类型
- pthread_mutex_t
4.1.2 互斥锁的创建和销毁
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const pthread_mutex_attr_t *mutexattr);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 函数参数:
- mutex:互斥锁
- mutexattr:互斥锁创建方式
- PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITALIZER:创建快速互斥锁
- PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITALIZER_NP:创建递归互斥锁
- PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITALIZER_NP:创建检错互斥锁
- 返回值:成功,则返回 0,否则,返回错误编号
4.1.3 互斥锁上锁和解锁
#include <pthread.h>
/** 上锁,拿不到锁阻塞 */
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
/** 上锁,拿不到锁返回出错信息 */
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
/** 释放锁 */
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 函数参数:
- mutex:互斥锁
- 返回值:成功返回0,出错返回出错码
4.1.4 例子:
对前一个银行账户代码进行修改:
atm_account.h
#ifndef __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__
#define __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__ #include <math.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
10 #include <pthread.h> /** 账户信息 */
typedef struct {
int code; ///< 银行账户的编码
double balance; ///< 账户余额 17 pthread_mutex_t mutex; ///< 定义一把互斥锁,用来对多线程操作的银行账户(共享资源)进行加锁
}atm_Account; /** 创建账户 */
extern atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance);
/** 销毁账户 */
extern void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account);
/** 取款 */
extern double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt);
/** 存款 */
extern double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt);
/** 查看账户余额 */
extern double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account); #endif
atm_account.c
#include "atm_account.h" /** 创建账户 */
atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance)
{
atm_Account *account = (atm_Account *)malloc(sizeof(atm_Account));
if(NULL == account) {
return NULL;
} account->code = code;
account->balance = balance; /** 对互斥锁进行初始化 */
15 pthread_mutex_init(&account->mutex, NULL);
return account;
} /** 销毁账户 */
void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account)
{
if(NULL == account){
return ;
} 27 pthread_mutex_destroy(&account->mutex);
free(account);
} /** 取款: 成功,则返回取款金额 */
double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt)
{
if(NULL == account) {
return 0.0;
} /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */
39 pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex);
if(amt < || amt > account->balance) {
42 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
return 0.0;
} double balance_tmp = account->balance;
sleep();
balance_tmp -= amt;
account->balance = balance_tmp; 51 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
return amt;
} /** 存款: 返回存款的金额 */
double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt)
{
if(NULL == account){
return 0.0;
} /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */
64 pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex);
if(amt < ){
67 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
return 0.0;
} double balance_tmp = account->balance;
sleep();
balance_tmp += amt;
account->balance = balance_tmp; 76 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
return amt;
} /** 查看账户余额 */
double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account)
{
if(NULL == account){
return 0.0;
} /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */
89 pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex);
double balance_tmp = account->balance;
92 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
return balance_tmp;
}
编译运行结果如下:
不会发生同时取到 10000 的事情了。
40.2 互斥锁的类型和属性
40.2.1 互斥锁属性的创建和销毁
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutexattr_init(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);
int pthread_mutexattr_destroy(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);
- 函数参数:
- attr:互斥锁属性
- 返回值:
- 成功返回0,出错返回错误编号
40.2.2 互斥锁进程共享属性操作---获得和设置
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutexattr_getpshared(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr, int *restrict pshared);
int pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int *pshared);
- 函数参数:
- attr:互斥锁属性
- pshared:进程共享属性
- PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE(默认情况)
- 锁只能用于一个进程内部的两个线程进行互斥
- PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
- 锁可以用于两个不同进程中的线程进行互斥
- PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE(默认情况)
- 返回值:成功返回0,出错返回错误编号
40.2.3 互斥锁类型操作
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutexattr_gettype(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr, int *restrict type);
int pthread_mutexattr_settype(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int type);
- 函数参数:
- attr:互斥锁属性
- type:互斥锁类型
- 标准互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
- 第一次上锁成功,第二次上锁会阻塞
- 递归互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
- 第一次上锁成功,第二次以后上锁还是成功,内部计数
- 检错互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK
- 第一次上锁成功,第二次上锁会出错
- 默认护持错:PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT(同标准互斥锁)
- 标准互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
- 返回值:
- 成功返回 0, 出错返回错误编号
40.2.4 例子
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
if(argc < ){
fprintf(stdout, "-usrage:%s [error | noraml | recursive\n]", argv[]);
exit();
} /** 定义互斥锁属性 */
pthread_mutexattr_t mutexattr;
/** 初始化互斥锁属性 */
pthread_mutexattr_init(&mutexattr); if(!strcmp(argv[], "error")){
/** 设置互斥锁类型 */
pthread_mutexattr_settype(&mutexattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK);
}
else if(!strcmp(argv[], "normal")){
pthread_mutexattr_settype(&mutexattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL);
}
else if(!strcmp(argv[], "recursive")){
pthread_mutexattr_settype(&mutexattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
} pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, &mutexattr);
if(pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) != ){
printf("lock failure\n");
}
else{
printf("lock success\n");
} if(pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) != ){
printf("lock failure\n");
}
else{
printf("lock success\n");
} pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&mutexattr);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex); return ;
}
编译运行:
40.3 读写锁
40.3.1 读写锁介绍
- 线程使用互斥锁缺乏读并发性
- 当读操作较多,写操作较少时,可用读写锁提高线程读并发性
- 读写锁数据类型:pthread_rwlock_t
40.3.2 读写锁创建和销毁
#include <pthread.h>
int phtread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock, const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict attr);
int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
- 函数参数:
- rwlock:读写锁
- attr:读写锁属性
- 返回值:成功返回0,出错返回错误编号
40.3.3 读写锁的加锁和解锁
#include <pthread.h>
/** 加读锁 */
int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
/** 加写锁 */
int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
/** 释放锁 */
int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
- 函数参数:rwlock:读写锁
- 返回值:成功返回 0;出错,返回错误编号
40.3.4 读写锁特性例子
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h> /** 定义读写锁 */
pthread_rwlock_t rwlock; int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if(argc < ){
printf("-usage:%s [r | w] [r | w]\n", argv[]);
exit();
} /** 读写锁初始化 */
pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL);
if(!strcmp("r", argv[])){
/** 加读锁 */
if(pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock) != ){
printf("first read lock failure\n");
}
else {
printf("first read lock success\n");
}
}
else if(!strcmp("w", argv[])){
/** 加写锁 */
if(pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock) != ){
printf("first write lock failure\n");
}
else {
printf("firest write lock success\n");
}
} if(!strcmp("r", argv[])){
/** 加读锁 */
if(pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock) != ){
printf("second read lock failure\n");
}
else {
printf("second read lock success\n");
}
}
else if(!strcmp("w", argv[])){
/** 加写锁 */
if(pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock) != ){
printf("first write lock failure\n");
}
else {
printf("firest write lock success\n");
}
} pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock); return ;
}
编译运行结果如下:
由运行结果可以知道,当都上读锁的时候,都可以上锁成功;先上读锁,再上写锁,写锁会阻塞;先上写锁后,不管是上读锁还是上写锁,都会失败。
- 读写锁特性:
- 读和读:不排斥
- 读和写:排斥
- 写和写:排斥
40.3.5 银行例子修改
atm_account.h
#ifndef __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__
#define __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__ #include <math.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h> /** 账户信息 */
typedef struct {
int code; ///< 银行账户的编码
double balance; ///< 账户余额 17 /** 建议互斥锁用来锁定一个账户(共享资源),和账户绑定再一起,
18 * 尽量不设置成全局变量,否则可能出现一把锁去锁几百个账户,导致并发性能降低 */
19 //pthread_mutex_t mutex; ///< 定义一把互斥锁,用来对多线程操作的银行账户(共享资源)进行加锁
20
21 pthread_rwlock_t rwlock; ///<定义读写锁
}atm_Account; /** 创建账户 */
extern atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance);
/** 销毁账户 */
extern void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account);
/** 取款 */
extern double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt);
/** 存款 */
extern double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt);
/** 查看账户余额 */
extern double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account); #endif
atm_count.c
#include "atm_account.h" /** 创建账户 */
atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance)
{
atm_Account *account = (atm_Account *)malloc(sizeof(atm_Account));
if(NULL == account) {
return NULL;
} account->code = code;
account->balance = balance; /** 对互斥锁进行初始化 */
15 //pthread_mutex_init(&account->mutex, NULL);
16
17 /** 初始化读写锁 */
18 pthread_rwlock_init(&account->rwlock, NULL);
return account;
} /** 销毁账户 */
void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account)
{
if(NULL == account){
return ;
} 30 //pthread_mutex_destroy(&account->mutex);
31 pthread_rwlock_destroy(&account->rwlock); ///< 销毁读写锁
free(account);
} /** 取款: 成功,则返回取款金额 */
double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt)
{
if(NULL == account) {
return 0.0;
} /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */
43 //pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex);
44 pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 加写锁
if(amt < || amt > account->balance) {
47 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
48 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁
return 0.0;
} double balance_tmp = account->balance;
sleep();
balance_tmp -= amt;
account->balance = balance_tmp; 57 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
58 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁
return amt;
} /** 存款: 返回存款的金额 */
double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt)
{
if(NULL == account){
return 0.0;
} /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */
70 //pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex);
71 pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 加写锁
if(amt < ){
74 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
75 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁
return 0.0;
} double balance_tmp = account->balance;
sleep();
balance_tmp += amt;
account->balance = balance_tmp; 84 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
85 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁
return amt;
} /** 查看账户余额 */
double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account)
{
if(NULL == account){
return 0.0;
} /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */
97 //pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex);
98 pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 上读锁
double balance_tmp = account->balance;
101 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex);
102 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁
return balance_tmp;
}
编译运行: