孤儿进程与僵尸进程
孤儿进程:
如果父进程先退出,子进程还没退出那么子进程的父进程将变为init进程。(注:任何一个进程都必须有父进程)
//生成孤儿进程 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid < 0) err_exit("fork error"); else if (pid > 0) exit(0); else { sleep(10); cout << "Child, ppid = " << getppid() << endl; } exit(0); }
僵尸进程:
如果子进程先退出,父进程还没退出,那么子进程必须等到父进程捕获到了子进程的退出状态才真正结束,否则这个时候子进程就成为僵尸进程。
//生成僵尸进程 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid < 0) err_exit("fork error"); else if (pid == 0) exit(0); else { sleep(50); } exit(0); }
附-查询父子进程状态
ps -le | grep main
避免僵尸进程
signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
//示例: 避免僵尸进程 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN); pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid < 0) err_exit("fork error"); else if (pid == 0) exit(0); else { sleep(50); } exit(0); }
文件共享
父进程的所有文件描述符都被复制到子进程中, 就好像调用了dup函数, 父进程和子进程每个相同的打开文件描述符共享一个文件表项(因此, 父子进程共享同一个文件偏移量);
//根据上图: 理解下面这段程序和下图的演示 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN); int fd = open("test.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666); if (fd == -1) err_exit("file open error"); cout << "We Don`t flash memory\n"; char buf[BUFSIZ]; bzero(buf, sizeof(buf)); pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid < 0) err_exit("fork error"); else if (pid > 0) { strcpy(buf, "Parent..."); write(fd, buf, strlen(buf)); close(fd); cout << "fd = " << fd << endl; exit(0); } else if (pid == 0) { strcpy(buf, "Child..."); write(fd, buf, strlen(buf)); close(fd); cout << "fd = " << fd << endl; exit(0); } }
fork VS vfork
在UNIX/Linux中的fork还没实现copy on write(写时复制)技术之前。Unix设计者很关心fork之后立刻执行exec所造成的地址空间浪费,所以引入了vfork系统调用。其中,vfork子进程与父进程共享数据段,并不真正复制父进程内存,因此在vfork之后执行exec系列函数,并不会导致地址空间浪费以及无用的空间复制时间.而且,即使fork实现了copy on write,效率也没有vfork高.
但是,vfork有个限制,子进程必须立刻执行_exit或者exec系列函数。因此我们不推荐使用vfork,因为几乎每一个vfork的实现,都或多或少存在一定的问题(可以尝试在vfork之后的子进程中既不执行_exit,也不执行exec函数)。
fork与vfork的区别
1. fork子进程拷贝父进程的数据段(但是现在提供了写时复制技术,只有当子进程真正需要写内存时,才复制出该内存的一段副本),因此,在父进程/子进程中对全局变量所做的修改并不会影响子进程/父进程的数据内容.
vfork子进程与父进程共享数据段,因此父子进程对数据的更新是同步的;
2. fork父、子进程的执行次序是未知的,取决于操作系统的调度算法
vfork:子进程先运行,父进程后运行;
//示例1:vfork出错情况 //在Linux 2.6内核上会持续执行,不会退出 //而在Linux 3.13内核上, 则会引发core dump int main() { int iNumber = 0; pid_t pid = vfork(); if (pid == -1) { perror("fork"); return -1; } else if (pid > 0) { cout << "In Parent Program..." << endl; cout << "iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; cout << "pid = " << static_cast<int>(getpid()); cout << "\t ppid = " << static_cast<int>(getppid()) << endl; //_exit(0); } else if (pid == 0) { iNumber ++; cout << "In Child Program..." << endl; cout << "iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; cout << "pid = " << static_cast<int>(getpid()); cout << "\t ppid = " << static_cast<int>(getppid()) << endl; //_exit(0); } return 0; }
//示例2: 父进程/子进程修改全局数据的情况 int main() { int iNumber = 10; cout << "Before vfork, pid = " << getpid() << endl; //对比fork() pid_t pid = vfork(); if (pid == -1) err_exit("fork"); else if (pid > 0) { sleep(4); cout << "Parent, iNumber: " << iNumber << endl; } else if (pid == 0) { ++ iNumber; cout << "Child, iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; _exit(0); } return 0; }
//示例3:用vfork执行当前目录下的hello程序 int main() { int iNumber = 0; pid_t pid = vfork(); if (pid == -1) { perror("fork"); return -1; } else if (pid > 0) { cout << "In Parent Program..." << endl; cout << "iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; cout << "pid = " << static_cast<int>(getpid()); cout << "\t ppid = " << static_cast<int>(getppid()) << endl; } else if (pid == 0) { iNumber ++; cout << "In Child Program..." << endl; cout << "iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; cout << "pid = " << static_cast<int>(getpid()); cout << "\t ppid = " << static_cast<int>(getppid()) << endl; //将自己写的程序启动起来 execve("./hello",NULL,NULL); _exit(0); } return 0; }
//测试4,用vfork执行系统命令 int main() { int iNumber = 0; pid_t pid = vfork(); if (pid == -1) { perror("fork"); return -1; } else if (pid > 0) { cout << "In Parent Program..." << endl; cout << "iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; cout << "pid = " << static_cast<int>(getpid()); cout << "\t ppid = " << static_cast<int>(getppid()) << endl; } else if (pid == 0) { iNumber ++; cout << "In Child Program..." << endl; cout << "iNumber = " << iNumber << endl; cout << "pid = " << static_cast<int>(getpid()); cout << "\t ppid = " << static_cast<int>(getppid()) << endl; //将ls命令启动起来,注意:由于C++严格的类型转换机制,需要在字符串前加(char*) char *const args[] = {(char *)"/bin/ls", (char *)"-l", NULL}; int res = execve("/bin/ls",args,NULL); if (res == -1) { perror("execve"); _exit(1); } _exit(0); } return 0; }