经常在程序中出现 java.lang.NullPointerException 为了避免 报错,总是要进行一些 是否为null 的if else 判断 ,1.8 可以使用optional 类 来简化处置
optional :A container object which may or may not contain a non-null value.:可能包含也可能不包含非空值的容器对象。
- 既然optional 是一个容器对象,那就应该先创建该 对象 才能调用该对象的一些方法 创建optional的方式:
- 调用Optional静态方法.empty() 来创建一个optional 容器对象
/**
* Returns an empty {@code Optional} instance. No value is present for this
* Optional.
*
* @apiNote Though it may be tempting to do so, avoid testing if an object
* is empty by comparing with {@code ==} against instances returned by
* {@code Option.empty()}. There is no guarantee that it is a singleton.
* Instead, use {@link #isPresent()}.
*
* @param <T> Type of the non-existent value
* @return an empty {@code Optional}
*/
public static<T> Optional<T> empty() {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Optional<T> t = (Optional<T>) EMPTY;
return t;
}public static void testOptional() {
Optional<Object> empty = Optional.empty();
} - optional 的构造函数 权限是private 的 所以 不能直接通过构造函数的方法 生成该对象,调用静态方法of(T t) 可以创建一个指定参数的optional
/**
* Returns an {@code Optional} with the specified present non-null value.
*
* @param <T> the class of the value
* @param value the value to be present, which must be non-null
* @return an {@code Optional} with the value present
* @throws NullPointerException if value is null
*/
public static <T> Optional<T> of(T value) {
return new Optional<>(value);
}public static void testOptional() {
// 使用 Optional.empty() 创建 Optional 对象
Optional<Object> empty = Optional.empty();
// 私有化构造函数 不能直接 创建
// Optional<User> optional = new Optional(new User());
// 使用 Optional.of() 创建 Optional 对象
Optional<User> optional = Optional.of(new User());
} - Opional 有一个静态方法 ofNullable(T t)可以 根据你传入的值 来 来判断调用 Optional的无参构造方法还是调用 optional 的有参构造方法 如果是null 则调用 empty() 为空 则调用 of(T t) 方法
/**
* Returns an {@code Optional} describing the specified value, if non-null,
* otherwise returns an empty {@code Optional}.
*
* @param <T> the class of the value
* @param value the possibly-null value to describe
* @return an {@code Optional} with a present value if the specified value
* is non-null, otherwise an empty {@code Optional}
*/
public static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) {
return value == null ? empty() : of(value);
}public static void testOptional() {
// 使用 Optional.empty() 创建 Optional 对象
Optional<Object> empty = Optional.empty();
// 私有化构造函数 不能直接 创建
// Optional<User> optional = new Optional(new User());
// 使用 Optional.of() 创建 Optional 对象
Optional<User> optional = Optional.of(new User());
//使用 Optional.ofNullable() 创建 Optional 对象
Optional<Object> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(null);
}
- 以上三种方法 都可以创建一个Optional 对象,如何使用该对象的方法
- 获取 optional 的值 调用 get()方法 如果 为null 则抛出异常
/**
* If a value is present in this {@code Optional}, returns the value,
* otherwise throws {@code NoSuchElementException}.
*
* @return the non-null value held by this {@code Optional}
* @throws NoSuchElementException if there is no value present
*
* @see Optional#isPresent()
*/
public T get() {
if (value == null) {
throw new NoSuchElementException("No value present");
}
return value;
} -
检测 optional的值是否为空 如果 为空 则 false
/**
* Return {@code true} if there is a value present, otherwise {@code false}.
*
* @return {@code true} if there is a value present, otherwise {@code false}
*/
public boolean isPresent() {
return value != null;
}package lambda.stream; import java.util.Optional; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testIsPresent();
} public static void testIsPresent() {
Optional<User> optional = Optional.ofNullable(new User());
boolean flag = optional.isPresent();
System.out.println(flag);
optional = Optional.ofNullable(null);
flag = optional.isPresent();
System.out.println(flag);
}
}true
false - optional 可以根据 ifPresent 来对 值T 进行 自身的处理
/**
* If a value is present, invoke the specified consumer with the value,
* otherwise do nothing.
*
* @param consumer block to be executed if a value is present
* @throws NullPointerException if value is present and {@code consumer} is
* null
*/
public void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {
if (value != null)
consumer.accept(value);
}public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testIfPresent() {
Optional<User> optional = Optional.ofNullable(new User());
optional.ifPresent((age) -> age.setAge(100));
System.out.println(optional.get().getAge()); }100
- 检测一个用户的名称是否 满足 特定条件的时候 ,optional 的filter 方法
/**
* If a value is present, and the value matches the given predicate,
* return an {@code Optional} describing the value, otherwise return an
* empty {@code Optional}.
*
* @param predicate a predicate to apply to the value, if present
* @return an {@code Optional} describing the value of this {@code Optional}
* if a value is present and the value matches the given predicate,
* otherwise an empty {@code Optional}
* @throws NullPointerException if the predicate is null
*/
public Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate) {
Objects.requireNonNull(predicate);
if (!isPresent())
return this;
else
return predicate.test(value) ? this : empty();
}package lambda.stream; import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testFilter();
// testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testFilter() {
Optional<User> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(new User("Tom", 15));
Optional<User> filter = ofNullable.filter(user -> user.getAge() == 15);
}User [name=Tom, age=15]
如果 没有满足 条件是 15的 返回值打印 报错
package lambda.stream; import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testFilter();
// testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testFilter() {
Optional<User> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(new User("Tom", 25));
Optional<User> filter = ofNullable.filter(user -> user.getAge() == 15);Exception in thread "main" java.util.NoSuchElementException: No value present
at java.util.Optional.get(Optional.java:135)
at lambda.stream.OptionalDemo.testFilter(OptionalDemo.java:25)
at lambda.stream.OptionalDemo.main(OptionalDemo.java:16) - Optional 对象中map的使用:返回 User对象的 name属性
/**
* If a value is present, apply the provided mapping function to it,
* and if the result is non-null, return an {@code Optional} describing the
* result. Otherwise return an empty {@code Optional}.
*
* @apiNote This method supports post-processing on optional values, without
* the need to explicitly check for a return status. For example, the
* following code traverses a stream of file names, selects one that has
* not yet been processed, and then opens that file, returning an
* {@code Optional<FileInputStream>}:
*
* <pre>{@code
* Optional<FileInputStream> fis =
* names.stream().filter(name -> !isProcessedYet(name))
* .findFirst()
* .map(name -> new FileInputStream(name));
* }</pre>
*
* Here, {@code findFirst} returns an {@code Optional<String>}, and then
* {@code map} returns an {@code Optional<FileInputStream>} for the desired
* file if one exists.
*
* @param <U> The type of the result of the mapping function
* @param mapper a mapping function to apply to the value, if present
* @return an {@code Optional} describing the result of applying a mapping
* function to the value of this {@code Optional}, if a value is present,
* otherwise an empty {@code Optional}
* @throws NullPointerException if the mapping function is null
*/
public<U> Optional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper) {
Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
if (!isPresent())
return empty();
else {
return Optional.ofNullable(mapper.apply(value));
}
}package lambda.stream; import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testMap();
// testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testMap() {
Optional<User> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(new User("Tom", 25));
Optional<String> map = ofNullable.map(user -> user.getName());
System.out.println(map.get());
}结果:
Tom
- Optional 的orElse 方法
/**
* Return the value if present, otherwise return {@code other}.
*
* @param other the value to be returned if there is no value present, may
* be null
* @return the value, if present, otherwise {@code other}
*/
public T orElse(T other) {
return value != null ? value : other;
}package lambda.stream; import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testOrelse();
// testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testOrelse() {
Optional<User> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(null);
User orElse = ofNullable.orElse(new User("Tom", 35));
System.out.println(orElse);//结果:User [name=Tom, age=35]
}package lambda.stream; import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testOrelse();
// testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testOrelse() {
Optional<User> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(new User("jack", 45));
User orElse = ofNullable.orElse(new User("Tom", 35));
System.out.println(orElse);//结果:User [name=jack, age=45] } - Optional 的orElseGet方法 方法用处和orElseGet 一样只是 传递的参数 类型 不一样 一个是T 一个 function类型的接口
/**
* Return the value if present, otherwise invoke {@code other} and return
* the result of that invocation.
*
* @param other a {@code Supplier} whose result is returned if no value
* is present
* @return the value if present otherwise the result of {@code other.get()}
* @throws NullPointerException if value is not present and {@code other} is
* null
*/
public T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other) {
return value != null ? value : other.get();
}package lambda.stream; import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors; /**
* @author 作者:cb
* @version 创建时间:2019年1月14日 上午11:12:12
*
*/
public class OptionalDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testOrElseGet();
// testIfPresent();
// testIsPresent();
} public static void testOrElseGet() {
Optional<User> ofNullable = Optional.ofNullable(new User("jack", 45));
User orElseGet = ofNullable.orElseGet(() -> new User("Tom", 35));
System.out.println(orElseGet);// 结果:User [name=Tom, age=35] } - optional 的flatMap使用(扁平化):