创建persistence.xml配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="jpa-1" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<!--
配置使用什么 ORM 产品来作为 JPA 的实现
1. 实际上配置的是 javax.persistence.spi.PersistenceProvider 接口的实现类
2. 若 JPA 项目中只有一个 JPA 的实现产品, 则也可以不配置该节点.
-->
<provider>org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence</provider>
<!-- 添加持久化类 -->
<class>com.yang.entity.Customer</class>
<!--
配置二级缓存的策略
ALL：所有的实体类都被缓存
NONE：所有的实体类都不被缓存.
ENABLE_SELECTIVE：标识 @Cacheable(true) 注解的实体类将被缓存
DISABLE_SELECTIVE：缓存除标识 @Cacheable(false) 以外的所有实体类
UNSPECIFIED：默认值，JPA 产品默认值将被使用
-->
<shared-cache-mode>ENABLE_SELECTIVE</shared-cache-mode>
<properties>
<!-- 连接数据库的基本信息 -->
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql:///jpa"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="root"/>
<!-- 配置 JPA 实现产品的基本属性. 配置 hibernate 的基本属性 -->
<property name="hibernate.format_sql" value="true"/>
<property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true"/>
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update"/>
<!-- 二级缓存相关 -->
<property name="hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache" value="true"/>
<property name="hibernate.cache.region.factory_class" value="org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.EhCacheRegionFactory"/>
<property name="hibernate.cache.use_query_cache" value="true"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
创建ehcache.xml配置文件
<ehcache>
<!-- Sets the path to the directory where cache .data files are created.
If the path is a Java System Property it is replaced by
its value in the running VM.
The following properties are translated:
user.home - User's home directory
user.dir - User's current working directory
java.io.tmpdir - Default temp file path -->
<diskStore path="java.io.tmpdir"/>
<!--Default Cache configuration. These will applied to caches programmatically created through
the CacheManager.
The following attributes are required for defaultCache:
maxInMemory - Sets the maximum number of objects that will be created in memory
eternal - Sets whether elements are eternal. If eternal, timeouts are ignored and the element
is never expired.
timeToIdleSeconds - Sets the time to idle for an element before it expires. Is only used
if the element is not eternal. Idle time is now - last accessed time
timeToLiveSeconds - Sets the time to live for an element before it expires. Is only used
if the element is not eternal. TTL is now - creation time
overflowToDisk - Sets whether elements can overflow to disk when the in-memory cache
has reached the maxInMemory limit.
-->
<defaultCache
maxElementsInMemory="10000"
eternal="false"
timeToIdleSeconds="120"
timeToLiveSeconds="120"
overflowToDisk="true"
/>
<!--Predefined caches. Add your cache configuration settings here.
If you do not have a configuration for your cache a WARNING will be issued when the
CacheManager starts
The following attributes are required for defaultCache:
name - Sets the name of the cache. This is used to identify the cache. It must be unique.
maxInMemory - Sets the maximum number of objects that will be created in memory
eternal - Sets whether elements are eternal. If eternal, timeouts are ignored and the element
is never expired.
timeToIdleSeconds - Sets the time to idle for an element before it expires. Is only used
if the element is not eternal. Idle time is now - last accessed time
timeToLiveSeconds - Sets the time to live for an element before it expires. Is only used
if the element is not eternal. TTL is now - creation time
overflowToDisk - Sets whether elements can overflow to disk when the in-memory cache
has reached the maxInMemory limit.
-->
<!-- Sample cache named sampleCache1
This cache contains a maximum in memory of 10000 elements, and will expire
an element if it is idle for more than 5 minutes and lives for more than
10 minutes.
If there are more than 10000 elements it will overflow to the
disk cache, which in this configuration will go to wherever java.io.tmp is
defined on your system. On a standard Linux system this will be /tmp"
-->
<cache name="sampleCache1"
maxElementsInMemory="10000"
eternal="false"
timeToIdleSeconds="300"
timeToLiveSeconds="600"
overflowToDisk="true"
/>
<!-- Sample cache named sampleCache2
This cache contains 1000 elements. Elements will always be held in memory.
They are not expired. -->
<cache name="sampleCache2"
maxElementsInMemory="1000"
eternal="true"
timeToIdleSeconds="0"
timeToLiveSeconds="0"
overflowToDisk="false"
/> -->
<!-- Place configuration for your caches following -->
</ehcache>
创建Order.java实体类
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Table(name="JPA_ORDERS")
@Entity
public class Order {
private Integer id;
private String orderName;
private Customer customer;
@GeneratedValue
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="ORDER_NAME")
public String getOrderName() {
return orderName;
}
public void setOrderName(String orderName) {
this.orderName = orderName;
}
//映射单向 n-1 的关联关系
//使用 @ManyToOne 来映射多对一的关联关系
//使用 @JoinColumn 来映射外键.
//可使用 @ManyToOne 的 fetch 属性来修改默认的关联属性的加载策略
@JoinColumn(name="CUSTOMER_ID")
@ManyToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
public Customer getCustomer() {
return customer;
}
public void setCustomer(Customer customer) {
this.customer = customer;
}
}
创建Manager 实体类
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Table(name="JPA_MANAGERS")
@Entity
public class Manager {
private Integer id;
private String mgrName;
private Department dept;
@GeneratedValue
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="MGR_NAME")
public String getMgrName() {
return mgrName;
}
public void setMgrName(String mgrName) {
this.mgrName = mgrName;
}
//对于不维护关联关系, 没有外键的一方, 使用 @OneToOne 来进行映射, 建议设置 mappedBy=true
@OneToOne(mappedBy="mgr")
public Department getDept() {
return dept;
}
public void setDept(Department dept) {
this.dept = dept;
}
}
创建Item 实体类
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.JoinTable;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Table(name="JPA_ITEMS")
@Entity
public class Item {
private Integer id;
private String itemName;
private Set<Category> categories = new HashSet<>();
@GeneratedValue
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="ITEM_NAME")
public String getItemName() {
return itemName;
}
public void setItemName(String itemName) {
this.itemName = itemName;
}
//使用 @ManyToMany 注解来映射多对多关联关系
//使用 @JoinTable 来映射中间表
//1. name 指向中间表的名字
//2. joinColumns 映射当前类所在的表在中间表中的外键
//2.1 name 指定外键列的列名
//2.2 referencedColumnName 指定外键列关联当前表的哪一列
//3. inverseJoinColumns 映射关联的类所在中间表的外键
@JoinTable(name="ITEM_CATEGORY",
joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="ITEM_ID", referencedColumnName="ID")},
inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="CATEGORY_ID", referencedColumnName="ID")})
@ManyToMany
public Set<Category> getCategories() {
return categories;
}
public void setCategories(Set<Category> categories) {
this.categories = categories;
}
}
创建Department 实体类
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Table(name="JPA_DEPARTMENTS")
@Entity
public class Department {
private Integer id;
private String deptName;
private Manager mgr;
@GeneratedValue
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="DEPT_NAME")
public String getDeptName() {
return deptName;
}
public void setDeptName(String deptName) {
this.deptName = deptName;
}
//使用 @OneToOne 来映射 1-1 关联关系。
//若需要在当前数据表中添加主键则需要使用 @JoinColumn 来进行映射. 注意, 1-1 关联关系, 所以需要添加 unique=true
@JoinColumn(name="MGR_ID", unique=true)
@OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
public Manager getMgr() {
return mgr;
}
public void setMgr(Manager mgr) {
this.mgr = mgr;
}
}
创建Customer 实体类
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Cacheable;
import javax.persistence.CascadeType;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.NamedQuery;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;
import javax.persistence.Transient;
@NamedQuery(name="testNamedQuery", query="FROM Customer c WHERE c.id = ?")
@Cacheable(true)
@Table(name="JPA_CUTOMERS")
@Entity
public class Customer {
private Integer id;
private String lastName;
private String email;
private int age;
private Date createdTime;
private Date birth;
public Customer() {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public Customer(String lastName, int age) {
super();
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<>();
// @TableGenerator(name="ID_GENERATOR",
// table="jpa_id_generators",
// pkColumnName="PK_NAME",
// pkColumnValue="CUSTOMER_ID",
// valueColumnName="PK_VALUE",
// allocationSize=100)
// @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.TABLE,generator="ID_GENERATOR")
@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO)
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="LAST_NAME",length=50,nullable=false)
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public String getEmail() {
return email;
}
public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
public Date getCreatedTime() {
return createdTime;
}
public void setCreatedTime(Date createdTime) {
this.createdTime = createdTime;
}
@Temporal(TemporalType.DATE)
public Date getBirth() {
return birth;
}
public void setBirth(Date birth) {
this.birth = birth;
}
//映射单向 1-n 的关联关系
//使用 @OneToMany 来映射 1-n 的关联关系
//使用 @JoinColumn 来映射外键列的名称
//可以使用 @OneToMany 的 fetch 属性来修改默认的加载策略
//可以通过 @OneToMany 的 cascade 属性来修改默认的删除策略.
//注意: 若在 1 的一端的 @OneToMany 中使用 mappedBy 属性, 则 @OneToMany 端就不能再使用 @JoinColumn 属性了.
// @JoinColumn(name="CUSTOMER_ID")
@OneToMany(fetch=FetchType.LAZY,cascade={CascadeType.REMOVE},mappedBy="customer")
public Set<Order> getOrders() {
return orders;
}
public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
this.orders = orders;
}
//工具方法. 不需要映射为数据表的一列.
@Transient
public String getInfo(){
return "lastName: " + lastName + ", email: " + email;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Customer [id=" + id + ", lastName=" + lastName + ", email="
+ email + ", age=" + age + ", createdTime=" + createdTime
+ ", birth=" + birth + "]";
}
}
创建Category 实体类
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Table(name="JPA_CATEGORIES")
@Entity
public class Category {
private Integer id;
private String categoryName;
private Set<Item> items = new HashSet<>();
@GeneratedValue
@Id
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(name="CATEGORY_NAME")
public String getCategoryName() {
return categoryName;
}
public void setCategoryName(String categoryName) {
this.categoryName = categoryName;
}
@ManyToMany(mappedBy="categories")
public Set<Item> getItems() {
return items;
}
public void setItems(Set<Item> items) {
this.items = items;
}
}
测试
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.EntityTransaction;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import org.hibernate.ejb.QueryHints;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.atguigu.jpa.helloworld.Category;
import com.atguigu.jpa.helloworld.Customer;
import com.atguigu.jpa.helloworld.Department;
import com.atguigu.jpa.helloworld.Item;
import com.atguigu.jpa.helloworld.Manager;
import com.atguigu.jpa.helloworld.Order;
public class JPATest {
private EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory;
private EntityManager entityManager;
private EntityTransaction transaction;
@Before
public void init(){
entityManagerFactory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("jpa-1");
entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
transaction = entityManager.getTransaction();
transaction.begin();
}
@After
public void destroy(){
transaction.commit();
entityManager.close();
entityManagerFactory.close();
}
//可以使用 JPQL 完成 UPDATE 和 DELETE 操作.
@Test
public void testExecuteUpdate(){
String jpql = "UPDATE Customer c SET c.lastName = ? WHERE c.id = ?";
Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setParameter(1, "YYY").setParameter(2, 12);
query.executeUpdate();
}
//使用 jpql 内建的函数
@Test
public void testJpqlFunction(){
String jpql = "SELECT lower(c.email) FROM Customer c";
List<String> emails = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).getResultList();
System.out.println(emails);
}
@Test
public void testSubQuery(){
//查询所有 Customer 的 lastName 为 YY 的 Order
String jpql = "SELECT o FROM Order o "
+ "WHERE o.customer = (SELECT c FROM Customer c WHERE c.lastName = ?)";
Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setParameter(1, "YY");
List<Order> orders = query.getResultList();
System.out.println(orders.size());
}
/**
* JPQL 的关联查询同 HQL 的关联查询.
*/
@Test
public void testLeftOuterJoinFetch(){
String jpql = "FROM Customer c LEFT OUTER JOIN FETCH c.orders WHERE c.id = ?";
Customer customer =
(Customer) entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setParameter(1, 12).getSingleResult();
System.out.println(customer.getLastName());
System.out.println(customer.getOrders().size());
// List<Object[]> result = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setParameter(1, 12).getResultList();
// System.out.println(result);
}
//查询 order 数量大于 2 的那些 Customer
@Test
public void testGroupBy(){
String jpql = "SELECT o.customer FROM Order o "
+ "GROUP BY o.customer "
+ "HAVING count(o.id) >= 2";
List<Customer> customers = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).getResultList();
System.out.println(customers);
}
@Test
public void testOrderBy(){
String jpql = "FROM Customer c WHERE c.age > ? ORDER BY c.age DESC";
Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setHint(QueryHints.HINT_CACHEABLE, true);
//占位符的索引是从 1 开始
query.setParameter(1, 1);
List<Customer> customers = query.getResultList();
System.out.println(customers.size());
}
//使用 hibernate 的查询缓存.
@Test
public void testQueryCache(){
String jpql = "FROM Customer c WHERE c.age > ?";
Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setHint(QueryHints.HINT_CACHEABLE, true);
//占位符的索引是从 1 开始
query.setParameter(1, 1);
List<Customer> customers = query.getResultList();
System.out.println(customers.size());
query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setHint(QueryHints.HINT_CACHEABLE, true);
//占位符的索引是从 1 开始
query.setParameter(1, 1);
customers = query.getResultList();
System.out.println(customers.size());
}
//createNativeQuery 适用于本地 SQL
@Test
public void testNativeQuery(){
String sql = "SELECT age FROM jpa_cutomers WHERE id = ?";
Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery(sql).setParameter(1, 3);
Object result = query.getSingleResult();
System.out.println(result);
}
//createNamedQuery 适用于在实体类前使用 @NamedQuery 标记的查询语句
@Test
public void testNamedQuery(){
Query query = entityManager.createNamedQuery("testNamedQuery").setParameter(1, 3);
Customer customer = (Customer) query.getSingleResult();
System.out.println(customer);
}
//默认情况下, 若只查询部分属性, 则将返回 Object[] 类型的结果. 或者 Object[] 类型的 List.
//也可以在实体类中创建对应的构造器, 然后再 JPQL 语句中利用对应的构造器返回实体类的对象.
@Test
public void testPartlyProperties(){
String jpql = "SELECT new Customer(c.lastName, c.age) FROM Customer c WHERE c.id > ?";
List result = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setParameter(1, 1).getResultList();
System.out.println(result);
}
@Test
public void testHelloJPQL(){
String jpql = "FROM Customer c WHERE c.age > ?";
Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql);
//占位符的索引是从 1 开始
query.setParameter(1, 1);
List<Customer> customers = query.getResultList();
System.out.println(customers.size());
}
@Test
public void testSecondLevelCache(){
Customer customer1 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
transaction.commit();
entityManager.close();
entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
transaction = entityManager.getTransaction();
transaction.begin();
Customer customer2 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
}
//对于关联的集合对象, 默认使用懒加载的策略.
//使用维护关联关系的一方获取, 还是使用不维护关联关系的一方获取, SQL 语句相同.
@Test
public void testManyToManyFind(){
// Item item = entityManager.find(Item.class, 5);
// System.out.println(item.getItemName());
//
// System.out.println(item.getCategories().size());
Category category = entityManager.find(Category.class, 3);
System.out.println(category.getCategoryName());
System.out.println(category.getItems().size());
}
//多对所的保存
@Test
public void testManyToManyPersist(){
Item i1 = new Item();
i1.setItemName("i-1");
Item i2 = new Item();
i2.setItemName("i-2");
Category c1 = new Category();
c1.setCategoryName("C-1");
Category c2 = new Category();
c2.setCategoryName("C-2");
//设置关联关系
i1.getCategories().add(c1);
i1.getCategories().add(c2);
i2.getCategories().add(c1);
i2.getCategories().add(c2);
c1.getItems().add(i1);
c1.getItems().add(i2);
c2.getItems().add(i1);
c2.getItems().add(i2);
//执行保存
entityManager.persist(i1);
entityManager.persist(i2);
entityManager.persist(c1);
entityManager.persist(c2);
}
//1. 默认情况下, 若获取不维护关联关系的一方, 则也会通过左外连接获取其关联的对象.
//可以通过 @OneToOne 的 fetch 属性来修改加载策略. 但依然会再发送 SQL 语句来初始化其关联的对象
//这说明在不维护关联关系的一方, 不建议修改 fetch 属性.
@Test
public void testOneToOneFind2(){
Manager mgr = entityManager.find(Manager.class, 1);
System.out.println(mgr.getMgrName());
System.out.println(mgr.getDept().getClass().getName());
}
//1.默认情况下, 若获取维护关联关系的一方, 则会通过左外连接获取其关联的对象.
//但可以通过 @OntToOne 的 fetch 属性来修改加载策略.
@Test
public void testOneToOneFind(){
Department dept = entityManager.find(Department.class, 1);
System.out.println(dept.getDeptName());
System.out.println(dept.getMgr().getClass().getName());
}
//双向 1-1 的关联关系, 建议先保存不维护关联关系的一方, 即没有外键的一方, 这样不会多出 UPDATE 语句.
@Test
public void testOneToOnePersistence(){
Manager mgr = new Manager();
mgr.setMgrName("M-BB");
Department dept = new Department();
dept.setDeptName("D-BB");
//设置关联关系
mgr.setDept(dept);
dept.setMgr(mgr);
//执行保存操作
entityManager.persist(mgr);
entityManager.persist(dept);
}
@Test
public void testUpdate(){
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 10);
customer.getOrders().iterator().next().setOrderName("O-XXX-10");
}
//默认情况下, 若删除 1 的一端, 则会先把关联的 n 的一端的外键置空, 然后进行删除.
//可以通过 @OneToMany 的 cascade 属性来修改默认的删除策略.
@Test
public void testOneToManyRemove(){
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 8);
entityManager.remove(customer);
}
//默认对关联的多的一方使用懒加载的加载策略.
//可以使用 @OneToMany 的 fetch 属性来修改默认的加载策略
@Test
public void testOneToManyFind(){
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 9);
System.out.println(customer.getLastName());
System.out.println(customer.getOrders().size());
}
//若是双向 1-n 的关联关系, 执行保存时
//若先保存 n 的一端, 再保存 1 的一端, 默认情况下, 会多出 n 条 UPDATE 语句.
//若先保存 1 的一端, 则会多出 n 条 UPDATE 语句
//在进行双向 1-n 关联关系时, 建议使用 n 的一方来维护关联关系, 而 1 的一方不维护关联系, 这样会有效的减少 SQL 语句.
//注意: 若在 1 的一端的 @OneToMany 中使用 mappedBy 属性, 则 @OneToMany 端就不能再使用 @JoinColumn 属性了.
//单向 1-n 关联关系执行保存时, 一定会多出 UPDATE 语句.
//因为 n 的一端在插入时不会同时插入外键列.
@Test
public void testOneToManyPersist(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("mm@163.com");
customer.setLastName("MM");
Order order1 = new Order();
order1.setOrderName("O-MM-1");
Order order2 = new Order();
order2.setOrderName("O-MM-2");
//建立关联关系
customer.getOrders().add(order1);
customer.getOrders().add(order2);
order1.setCustomer(customer);
order2.setCustomer(customer);
//执行保存操作
entityManager.persist(customer);
entityManager.persist(order1);
entityManager.persist(order2);
}
/*
@Test
public void testManyToOneUpdate(){
Order order = entityManager.find(Order.class, 2);
order.getCustomer().setLastName("FFF");
}
//不能直接删除 1 的一端, 因为有外键约束.
@Test
public void testManyToOneRemove(){
// Order order = entityManager.find(Order.class, 1);
// entityManager.remove(order);
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 7);
entityManager.remove(customer);
}
//默认情况下, 使用左外连接的方式来获取 n 的一端的对象和其关联的 1 的一端的对象.
//可使用 @ManyToOne 的 fetch 属性来修改默认的关联属性的加载策略
@Test
public void testManyToOneFind(){
Order order = entityManager.find(Order.class, 1);
System.out.println(order.getOrderName());
System.out.println(order.getCustomer().getLastName());
}
*/
/**
* 保存多对一时, 建议先保存 1 的一端, 后保存 n 的一端, 这样不会多出额外的 UPDATE 语句.
*/
/*
@Test
public void testManyToOnePersist(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("gg@163.com");
customer.setLastName("GG");
Order order1 = new Order();
order1.setOrderName("G-GG-1");
Order order2 = new Order();
order2.setOrderName("G-GG-2");
//设置关联关系
order1.setCustomer(customer);
order2.setCustomer(customer);
//执行保存操作
entityManager.persist(order1);
entityManager.persist(order2);
entityManager.persist(customer);
}
*/
/**
* 同 hibernate 中 Session 的 refresh 方法.
*/
@Test
public void testRefresh(){
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
entityManager.refresh(customer);
}
/**
* 同 hibernate 中 Session 的 flush 方法.
*/
@Test
public void testFlush(){
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
System.out.println(customer);
customer.setLastName("AA");
entityManager.flush();
}
//若传入的是一个游离对象, 即传入的对象有 OID.
//1. 若在 EntityManager 缓存中有对应的对象
//2. JPA 会把游离对象的属性复制到查询到EntityManager 缓存中的对象中.
//3. EntityManager 缓存中的对象执行 UPDATE.
@Test
public void testMerge4(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("dd@163.com");
customer.setLastName("DD");
customer.setId(4);
Customer customer2 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 4);
entityManager.merge(customer);
System.out.println(customer == customer2); //false
}
//若传入的是一个游离对象, 即传入的对象有 OID.
//1. 若在 EntityManager 缓存中没有该对象
//2. 若在数据库中也有对应的记录
//3. JPA 会查询对应的记录, 然后返回该记录对一个的对象, 再然后会把游离对象的属性复制到查询到的对象中.
//4. 对查询到的对象执行 update 操作.
@Test
public void testMerge3(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("ee@163.com");
customer.setLastName("EE");
customer.setId(4);
Customer customer2 = entityManager.merge(customer);
System.out.println(customer == customer2); //false
}
//若传入的是一个游离对象, 即传入的对象有 OID.
//1. 若在 EntityManager 缓存中没有该对象
//2. 若在数据库中也没有对应的记录
//3. JPA 会创建一个新的对象, 然后把当前游离对象的属性复制到新创建的对象中
//4. 对新创建的对象执行 insert 操作.
@Test
public void testMerge2(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("dd@163.com");
customer.setLastName("DD");
customer.setId(100);
Customer customer2 = entityManager.merge(customer);
System.out.println("customer#id:" + customer.getId());
System.out.println("customer2#id:" + customer2.getId());
}
/**
* 总的来说: 类似于 hibernate Session 的 saveOrUpdate 方法.
*/
//1. 若传入的是一个临时对象
//会创建一个新的对象, 把临时对象的属性复制到新的对象中, 然后对新的对象执行持久化操作. 所以
//新的对象中有 id, 但以前的临时对象中没有 id.
@Test
public void testMerge1(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(18);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("cc@163.com");
customer.setLastName("CC");
Customer customer2 = entityManager.merge(customer);
System.out.println("customer#id:" + customer.getId());
System.out.println("customer2#id:" + customer2.getId());
}
//类似于 hibernate 中 Session 的 delete 方法. 把对象对应的记录从数据库中移除
//但注意: 该方法只能移除 持久化 对象. 而 hibernate 的 delete 方法实际上还可以移除 游离对象.
@Test
public void testRemove(){
// Customer customer = new Customer();
// customer.setId(2);
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 2);
entityManager.remove(customer);
}
//类似于 hibernate 的 save 方法. 使对象由临时状态变为持久化状态.
//和 hibernate 的 save 方法的不同之处: 若对象有 id, 则不能执行 insert 操作, 而会抛出异常.
@Test
public void testPersistence(){
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setAge(15);
customer.setBirth(new Date());
customer.setCreatedTime(new Date());
customer.setEmail("bb@163.com");
customer.setLastName("BB");
customer.setId(100);
entityManager.persist(customer);
System.out.println(customer.getId());
}
//类似于 hibernate 中 Session 的 load 方法
@Test
public void testGetReference(){
Customer customer = entityManager.getReference(Customer.class, 1);
System.out.println(customer.getClass().getName());
System.out.println("-------------------------------------");
// transaction.commit();
// entityManager.close();
System.out.println(customer);
}
//类似于 hibernate 中 Session 的 get 方法.
@Test
public void testFind() {
Customer customer = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
System.out.println("-------------------------------------");
System.out.println(customer);
}
}