关键词：数据库触发器/服务器触发器 ，数据库级别DDL操作监控审计，禁止修改登录名密码，登录触发器，login触发器
【1】数据库级别DDL操作监控审计
SQL Server 2005开始支持DDL触发器，它不只限于对CREATE/ALTER/DROP操作有效，支持的DDL事件还有比如：权限的GRANT/DENY/REVOEK, 对象的RENAME, 更新统计信息等等，可通过DMV查看更多支持的事件类型如下：
select * from sys.trigger_event_types
where type_name not like '%CREATE%'
and type_name not like '%ALTER%'
and type_name not like '%DROP%'
注意：
1. TRUNCATE不在DDL触发器的事件类型中，SQL Server中将Truncate 归为DML操作语句，虽然它也并不触发DML触发器，就像开启开关的大批量导入操作 (Bulk Import Operations) 一样；
2. DDL触发器中捕获的信息都由EVENTDATA()函数返回，返回类型为XML格式，需要用XQuery来读取；
案例：转自2012示例库，只能数据库级别，不能实例级别
use database
go SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
create table databaseLog( [PostTime] datetime,
[DatabaseUser] varchar(500),
[Event] varchar(500),
[Schema] varchar(50),
[Object] varchar(4000),
[TSQL] varchar(4000),
[XmlEvent] xml)
CREATE TRIGGER [ddlDatabaseTriggerLog] ON DATABASE --all server 实例级别
FOR DDL_DATABASE_LEVEL_EVENTS AS --DDL_SERVER_LEVEL_EVENTS 实例级别
BEGIN
SET NOCOUNT ON; DECLARE @data XML;
DECLARE @schema sysname;
DECLARE @object sysname;
DECLARE @eventType sysname; SET @data = EVENTDATA();
SET @eventType = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/EventType)[1]', 'sysname');
SET @schema = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/SchemaName)[1]', 'sysname');
SET @object = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/ObjectName)[1]', 'sysname') IF @object IS NOT NULL
PRINT ' ' + @eventType + ' - ' + @schema + '.' + @object;
ELSE
PRINT ' ' + @eventType + ' - ' + @schema; IF @eventType IS NULL
PRINT CONVERT(nvarchar(max), @data); INSERT [dbo].[DatabaseLog]
(
[PostTime],
[DatabaseUser],
[Event],
[Schema],
[Object],
[TSQL],
[XmlEvent]
)
VALUES
(
GETDATE(),
CONVERT(sysname, CURRENT_USER),
@eventType,
CONVERT(sysname, @schema),
CONVERT(sysname, @object),
@data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/TSQLCommand)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
@data
);
END; GO SET ANSI_NULLS OFF
GO SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF
GO
--开启/关闭
ENABLE TRIGGER [ddlDatabaseTriggerLog] ON DATABASE
DISABLE TRIGGER [ddlDatabaseTriggerLog] ON DATABASE
GO
--删除
DROP TRIGGER tri_LogServerEvent ON DATABASE; --添加扩展属性到数据库对象中（即添加数据字典注解）
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty @name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Database trigger to audit all of the DDL changes made to the AdventureWorks2008R2 database.' ,
@level0type=N'TRIGGER',@level0name=N'ddlDatabaseTriggerLog' GO
禁止特定角色的用户对特定的表做DROP操作
IF exists(select * from sys.triggers where name = 'NO_DROP_TABLE' and parent_class_desc = 'DATABASE')
DROP TRIGGER [NO_DROP_TABLE] ON DATABASE;
GO CREATE TRIGGER NO_DROP_TABLE
ON DATABASE
FOR DROP_TABLE
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @x XML,
@user_name varchar(100),
@db_name varchar(100),
@schema_name varchar(100),
@object_name varchar(200) --select eventdata()
SET @x = EVENTDATA();
SET @user_name = @x.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/UserName)[1]','varchar(100)');
SET @db_name = @x.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/DatabaseName)[1]','varchar(100)');
SET @schema_name = @x.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/SchemaName)[1]','varchar(100)');
SET @object_name = @x.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/ObjectName)[1]','varchar(100)'); --PRINT 'Current User: ' + @user_name
--PRINT 'Current Database: ' + @db_name
--PRINT 'Schema Name: ' + @schema_name
--PRINT 'Table Name: ' + @object_name IF is_rolemember('disallow_modify_tables',@user_name) = 1
AND @db_name = 'YOUR_DB_NAME'
AND @schema_name = 'YOUR_SCHEMA_NAME'
AND @object_name like 'YOUR_TABLE_NAME%'
BEGIN
PRINT 'Dropping tables is not allowed'
ROLLBACK
END
END
GO
【2】数据库触发器/服务器触发器
禁止修改登录名密码
create table db_del..check_login(xml_str xml);
GO
CREATE TRIGGER tr_alterpwd
ON all server
FOR ALTER_LOGIN
AS
BEGIN
insert into db_del..check_login values( EVENTDATA())
RAISERROR('搞事情,敢改我密码',16,1)
ROLLBACK
END
【3】登录触发器（ LOGON 触发器）
SQL Server 2005在SP2中悄悄引入了LOGON触发器，作为一个实例级的对象，它的系统视图，定义语句和DDL/DML触发器都是分开的。
select * from sys.server_triggers where name = 'login_history_trigger'
select * from sys.server_trigger_events
select OBJECT_ID('login_history_trigger') --无法获取
在SQL Server中，顾名思义，LOGON触发器，只支持LOGON事件；
在ORACLE中，实例级触发器可支持更多事件 (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF, STARTUP, or SHUTDOWN)。
代码示例1： 记录所有login登录历史
(其实也可以通过修改login auditing选项，来记录成功和失败的登录在errorlog里)
IF OBJECT_ID('login_history','U') is not null
DROP TABLE login_history
GO
CREATE TABLE login_history
(
FACT_ID bigint IDENTITY(1,1) primary key,
LOGIN_NAME nvarchar(1024),
LOGIN_TIME datetime
)
GO
IF EXISTS(select 1 from sys.server_triggers where name = 'login_history_trigger')
DROP TRIGGER login_history_trigger ON ALL SERVER
GO
CREATE TRIGGER login_history_trigger
ON ALL SERVER
FOR LOGON
AS
BEGIN
--IF SUSER_NAME() NOT LIKE 'NT AUTHORITY\%' AND
-- SUSER_NAME() NOT LIKE 'NT SERVICE\%'
IF ORIGINAL_LOGIN() NOT LIKE 'NT AUTHORITY\%' AND
ORIGINAL_LOGIN() NOT LIKE 'NT SERVICE\%'
BEGIN
INSERT INTO DBA..login_history
VALUES(ORIGINAL_LOGIN(),GETDATE());
END;
END;
GO
--view login history after logon
SELECT * FROM login_history
代码示例2： 限制特定用户在特定时间范围登录、限制连接数
--限制下班时间不能登录
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS limit_user_login_time ON ALL SERVER
GO
CREATE TRIGGER limit_user_login_time
ON ALL SERVER FOR LOGON
AS
BEGIN
IF ORIGINAL_LOGIN() = 'TestUser'
AND (DATEPART(HOUR, GETDATE()) < 9 OR DATEPART (HOUR, GETDATE()) > 18)
BEGIN
PRINT 'TestUser can only login during working hours!'
ROLLBACK
END
END
GO --限制连接数
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS limit_user_connections ON ALL SERVER
GO
CREATE TRIGGER limit_user_connections
ON ALL SERVER
WITH EXECUTE AS 'sa'
FOR LOGON
AS
BEGIN
IF ORIGINAL_LOGIN() = 'TestUser'
AND (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions
WHERE Is_User_Process = 1
AND Original_Login_Name = 'TestUser') > 2
BEGIN
PRINT 'TestUser can only have 1 active session!'
ROLLBACK
END
END
注意：如果LOGON触发器把所有人都锁在外面了怎么办？
Logon failed for login 'TestUser' due to trigger execution.
这时，只能通过DAC登录SQL Server去禁用LOGON触发器/修改逻辑以允许登录，DAC登录方式有远程和本地两种，远程登录需要通过sp_configure 开启remote admin connections ，如果没有事先开启，那就只能选择本地登录方式：
服务器本地，在SSMS中通过DAC登录
服务器本地，在cmd中通过DAC登录
--禁用/启用LOGON触发器
DISABLE TRIGGER limit_user_connections ON ALL SERVER
ENABLE TRIGGER limit_user_connections ON ALL SERVER