1. 视图
Django REST framwork 提供的视图的主要作用:
- 控制序列化器的执行(检验,保存,转换数据)
- 控制数据库查询的执行[数据库的删除/查询代码写在视图中,更新和添加写在序列化器]
1.2 视图
REST framework 提供了众多的通用视图基类与扩展类,以简化视图的编写
1.2.1 两个视图基类
1.2.1.1 APIView
rest_framework.views.APIView
APIView
是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类,在继承自Django的View
父类
新增以下的内容
新增内容 |
---|
1.传入到视图方法中的是REST framework的Request 对象,而不是Django的HttpRequeset 对象; |
2.视图方法可以返回REST framework的Response 对象,视图会为响应数据设置(renderer)符合前端要求的格式; |
3.任何APIException 异常都会被捕获到,并且处理成合适的响应信息 |
4.重写了as_view(),在进行dispatch()路由分发前,会对http请求进行身份认证,权限检查,访问流量控制 |
支持定义的类属性
类属性名 |
---|
1.authentication_classes 列表或元组,身份认证类 |
2.permissoin_classes 列表或元组,权限检查类 |
3.throttle_classes 列表或元祖,流量控制类 |
在APIView
中仍以常规的类视图定义方法来实现get() ,post() 或者其他请求方式的方法.举例:
"""
APIView是drf里面提供的所有视图类的父类,APIView提供的功能/属性/方法是最少的,所以使用APIView基本类似我们使用django的View
GET /students/ 获取多个学生信息
POST /students/ 添加一个学生信息
GET /students/<pk>/ 获取一个学生信息
PUT /students/<pk>/ 修改一个学生信息
DELETE /students/<pk>/ 删除一个学生信息
"""
# Create your views here.
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from students.models import Student
from .serializers import StudentModelSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import status
class Student1APIView(APIView):
def get(self,request):
"""获取所有学生信息"""
# 1. 获取学生信息的数据模型
student_list = Student.objects.all()
# 2. 调用序列化器
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student_list, many=True)
# 3. 返回数据
return Response(serializer.data)
def post(self,request):
"""添加一个学生信息"""
# 1. 调用序列化器对用户提交的数据进行验证
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(data=request.data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 2. 调用序列化器进行数据库操作
instance = serializer.save() # save()方法返回的是添加成功以后的模型对象
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=instance)
# 3. 返回新增数据
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
class Student2APIView(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
"""获取一个学生信息"""
# 1. 根据pk获取模型对象
student = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
# 2. 序列化器转换数据
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student)
# 3. 响应数据
return Response(serializer.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
"""修改一个学生信息"""
# 1. 通过pk查询学生信息
student = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
# 3. 调用序列化器对客户端发送过来的数据进行验证
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student, data=request.data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 4. 保存数据
instance = serializer.save() #?这里实际上调用的序列化器里面的update方法
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=instance)
# 5. 返回结果
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
def delete(self, request, pk):
# 1. 通过pk查询学生信息
Student.objects.get(pk=pk).delete()
return Response({"message":"ok"}, status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
1.2.1.2 GenericAPIView
GenericAPIView视图类继承自APIView
,主要增加了操作序列化器和数据库查询的方法,作用是为下面Mixin扩展类的执行提供方法支持.
rest_framework.generics.GenericAPIView
属性
属性名 | 含义 |
---|---|
serializer_class | 指明视图使用的序列化器 |
queryset | 指明使用的数据查询集 |
pagination_class | 指明分页控制类 |
filter_backends | 指明过滤控制后端 |
方法
方法名 | 含义 |
---|---|
get_serializer_class(self) | 重写此方法可以满足同一个视图类中需要调用多个序列器的要求 |
**get_serializer(self, args, *kwargs) | 返回序列化器对象, 注意:该方法在提供序列化器对象的时候,会向序列化器对象的context属性补充三个数据:request、format、view,这三个数据对象可以在定义序列化器时使用 request 当前视图的请求对象 view 当前请求的类视图对象 format 当前请求期望返回的数据格式 |
get_queryset(self) | 返回视图使用的查询集 |
get_object(self) | 返回单个视图模型类对象 该方法会默认使用APIView提供的check_object_permissions方法检查当前对象是否有权限被访问 |
视图类
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from students.models import Student
from .serializers import StudentModelSerializer, StudentModel2Serializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class StudentsGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
# 本次视图类中要操作的数据[必填]
queryset = Student.objects.all()
# 本次视图类中要调用的默认序列化器[选填]
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get(self, request):
"""获取所有学生信息self.queryset().all()"""
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_queryset(), many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
def post(self,request):
data = request.data
serializer = self.get_serializer(data=data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
instance = serializer.save()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
class StudentGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get_serializer_class(self):
"""重写获取序列化器类的方法"""
if self.request.method == "GET":
return StudentModel2Serializer
else:
return StudentModelSerializer
# 在使用GenericAPIView视图获取或操作单个数据时,视图方法中的代表主键的参数最好是pk
def get(self,request,pk):
"""获取一条数据"""
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_object())
return Response(serializer.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
data = request.data
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_object(),data=data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
serializer.save()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_object())
return Response(serializer.data)
序列化器类:
class StudentModel2Serializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Student
fields = ("id", "name", "sex", "age", "class_num")
read_only_fields = ('id',)
extra_kwargs = {
"id": { "required": True},
"name": {"required": True},
"age": {"max_value": 60, "required": True}
}
class StudentModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Student
fields = "__all__"
1.2.2 5个视图扩展类
作用:提升代码复用度,实现对数据资源的增删改查
注意:这五个扩展类需要搭配GenericAPIView父类,因为需要用到GenericAPIView提供的序列化器与数据库查询的方法。
视图类名 | 含义 | 提供的方法 |
---|---|---|
ListModelMixin | 获取多条数据 | list() |
RetrieveModelMixin | 获取一条数据 | retrieve() |
CreateModelMixin | 添加一条数据 | create() |
UpdateModelMixin | 更新一条数据 | update() |
DestroyModelMixin | 删除一套数据 | destroy() |
1.ListModelMixin
列表视图扩展类,提供list(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法快速实现列表视图,返回200状态码.该Mixin的list方法会对数据进行过滤和分页
源代码:
class ListModelMixin(object):
"""
List a queryset.
"""
def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 过滤
queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
# 分页
page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
if page is not None:
serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
举例:
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin
class BookListView(ListModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request):
return self.list(request)
2.CreateModelMixin
创建视图扩展类,提供create(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法快速实现创建资源的视图,成功返回201状态码。
如果序列化器对前端发送的数据验证失败,返回400错误
源代码:
class CreateModelMixin(object):
"""Create a model instance"""
def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取序列化器
serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
# 验证
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 保存
self.perform_create(serializer)
headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)
def perform_create(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def get_success_headers(self, data):
try:
return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
except (TypeError, KeyError):
return {}
3.RetrieveModelMixin
详情视图扩展类提供retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现返回一个存在的数据对象。
如果存在,返回200,否则返回404。
源代码:
class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
"""
Retrieve a model instance.
"""
def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取对象,会检查对象的权限
instance = self.get_object()
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
举例:
class BookDetailView(RetrieveModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request, pk):
return self.retrieve(request)
4.UpdateModelMixin
更新视图扩展类,提供update(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现更新一个存在的数据对象。
同时也提供partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以实现局部更新.成功返回200,序列化器校验数据失败时,返回400错误。
源代码:
class UpdateModelMixin(object):
"""Update a model instance."""
def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
instance = self.get_object()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
self.perform_update(serializer)
if getattr(instance, '_prefetched_objects_cache', None):
# If 'prefetch_related' has been applied to a queryset, we need to
# forcibly invalidate the prefetch cache on the instance.
instance._prefetched_objects_cache = {}
return Response(serializer.data)
def perform_update(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['partial'] = True
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
5.DestroyModelMixin
删除视图扩展类,提供destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现删除一个存在的数据对象.成功返回204,不存在返回404。
源代码:
class DestroyModelMixin(object):
"""Destroy a model instance."""
def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
instance = self.get_object()
self.perform_destroy(instance)
return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
def perform_destroy(self, instance):
instance.delete()
使用GenericAPIView和视图扩展类,实现api接口,代码:
"""GenericAPIView结合视图扩展类实现api接口"""
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin
class Students2GenericAPIView(GenericAPIView,ListModelMixin,Creat eModelMixin):
# 本次视图类中要操作的数据[必填]
queryset = Student.objects.all()
# 本次视图类中要调用的默认序列化器[选填]
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get(self, request):
"""获取多个学生信息"""
return self.list(request)
def post(self,request):
"""添加学生信息"""
return self.create(request)
from rest_framework.mixins import RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
class Student2GenericAPIView(GenericAPIView,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
# 在使用GenericAPIView视图获取或操作单个数据时,视图方法中的代表主键的参数最好是pk
def get(self,request,pk):
"""获取一条数据"""
return self.retrieve(request,pk)
def put(self,request,pk):
"""更新一条数据"""
return self.update(request,pk)
def delete(self,request,pk):
"""删除一条数据"""
return self.destroy(request,pk)
1.2.3 GenericAPIView的视图子类
视图子类名 | 继承自 | 方法 |
---|---|---|
CreateAPIView | GenericAPIView、CreateModelMixin | 提供 post 方法 |
RetrieveAPIView | GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin | 提供 get 方法 |
DestoryAPIView | GenericAPIView、DestoryModelMixin | 提供 delete 方法 |
UpdateAPIView | GenericAPIView、UpdateModelMixin | 提供 put 和 patch 方法 |
RetrieveUpdateAPIView | GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin | 提供 get、put、patch方法 |
RetrieveUpdateDestoryAPIView | GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin | 提供 get、put、patch、delete方法 |
1.3 视图集ViewSet
为了让视图代码变得更加简短,让操作同一个模型的视图方法写在一个视图类中, drf提供了视图集[viewsets],
1.视图集允许开发者自定义类视图方法名
2.视图集允许一个类分配多个不同的路由
使用视图集ViewSet,可以将一系列逻辑相关的动作放到一个类中
相关动作 | 含义 |
---|---|
list(),retrieve(),create(),update(),destory() | 提供一组数据 |
retrieve() | 提供单个数据 |
create() | 创建数据 |
update() | 保存数据 |
destory() | 删除数据 |
注意
ViewSet视图集类不再实现get(),post()等方法,而是实现动作 action 如 list() ,create() 等
视图集只在使用as_view()方法的时候,才会将action动作与具体请求方式对应上
1.3.1 常用视图集父类
视图集名 | 特点 |
---|---|
ViewSet | 1.继承自APIView 与ViewSetMixin 2.APIView提供了身份认证,权限校验,流量管理等 3.ViewSetMixin通过调用as_view()时传入字典(如{‘get’:‘list’})的映射处理工作 4.ViewSet中,没有提供任何动作action方法,需要我们自己实现action方法 |
GenericViewSet | 1.继承自GenericAPIView 与ViewSetMixin 2.搭配GenericViewSet,ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin使用实现,list,retrieve,create,update,destory 等方法 3.通过继承ViewSetMixin来实现在调用as_view()时传入字典,(如 {'get':'list'} ) |
ModelViewSet | 1.继承自GenericViewSet 2.同时包括了ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin。 |
ReadOnlyModelViewSet | 1.继承自GenericViewSet ,同时包括了ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin。 |
1 ViewSet
views.py
class Student7APIViewSet(ViewSet):
def list(self,request):
"""获取多条数据"""
student_list = Student.objects.all()
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student_list,many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
def get(self,request,pk):
"""获取一条数据"""
student = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student)
return Response(serializer.data)
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path("students7/", views.Student7APIViewSet.as_view({"get":"list"})),
re_path("^students7/(?P<pk>\d+)/$", views.Student7APIViewSet.as_view({"get":"get"}))
]
2.GenericViewSet
views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
class Student8ViewSet(GenericViewSet,ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path("students8/", views.Student8ViewSet.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
re_path("students8/(?P<pk>\d+)/", views.Student8ViewSet.as_view({"get": "retrieve","put":"update","delete":"destroy"})),
]
3.ModelViewSet
views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class Student9ViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path("students9/", views.Student8ViewSet.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
re_path("students9/(?P<pk>\d+)/", views.Student8ViewSet.as_view({"get": "retrieve","put":"update","delete":"destroy"})),
]
4.ReadOnlyModelViewSet
views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
class Student8ViewSet(GenericViewSet,ListModelMixin):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get_serializer_class(self):
print(self.action) # 本次请求的视图方法名称
if self.action.lower() == "list":
return Student2ModelSerializer
else:
return StudentModelSerializer
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path("students8/", views.Student8ViewSet.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
re_path("students8/(?P<pk>\d+)/", views.Student8ViewSet.as_view({"get": "retrieve","put":"update","delete":"destroy"})),
]
1.3.2 定义action动作
手动指明请求方式与动作action之间的对应关系
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet
class StudentModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def login(self,request):
"""学生登录功能"""
return Response({"message":"登录成功"})
url的定义
urlpatterns = [
path("students8/", views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
re_path("students8/(?P<pk>\d+)/",
views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "put": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),
path("stu/login/",views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get":"login"}))
]
1.3.3 action属性
通过action对象属性获取当前请求视图集时的action动作
views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from students.models import Student
from .serializers import StudentModelSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class StudentModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get_new_5(self,request):
"""获取最近添加的5个学生信息"""
# 获取本次请求的视图方法名get_new_5
print(self.action)
url.py
urlpatterns = [
path("get_new_5",views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get":"get_new_5"}))
]
2. 路由Routers
对于视图集ViewSet,我们除了可以自己外,还可以使用Routers来帮助我们快速实现路由信息。
REST framework提供了两个router
- SimpleRouter(错误时直接报错)
- DefaultRouter(错误时提示api的根目录)
2.1 基本使用
目地:
给特定的方法诸如(list(),retrieve(),create(),update(),destory())等自动生成路由
1.创建router对象,并注册视图集
from rest_framework import routers
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'student9', StudentModelViewSet, base_name='student')
print(router.urls)
#^student9/$ name: student-list, ^student9/{pk}/$ name: student-detail
register(prefix, viewset, base_name)
参数名 | 含义 |
---|---|
prefix | 该视图集的路由前缀 |
viewset | 视图集 |
base_name | 路由别名的前缀 |
2 添加路由数据两种方式
方式一:
urlpatterns = [
...
]
urlpatterns += router.urls
方式二:
urlpatterns = [
...
url(r'^', include(router.urls))
]
views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet
class StudentModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def login(self,request):
"""学生登录功能"""
print(self.action)
return Response({"message":"登录成功"})
urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
...
]
# 实例化路由类
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
router = DefaultRouter()
# 注册视图集
router.register("router_stu",views.StudentModelViewSet)
# 把生成的路由列表追加到urlpatterns
print( router.urls )
urlpatterns += router.urls
2.2 action声明
目的:
在自定义方法上使用action装饰器,让Router给自定义方法生成路由
from rest_framework.decorators import action
action装饰器可以接收两个参数:
参数名 | |
---|---|
methods | 声明该action对应的请求方式,列表传递 |
detail | 声明该action的路径是否与单一资源对应否是操作一个数据 |
url_path | 设置访问当前方法的子路由,如果不配置,则默认是是当前方法名 |
注意:
detail中的True 表示路径格式是
xxx/<pk>/action方法名/
,False 表示路径格式是xxx/action方法名/
举例:
from rest_framework.decorators import action
class StudentModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
# detail为True,表示路径名格式应该为 router_stu/{pk}/login/
@action(methods=['get'], detail=True)
def login(self, request,pk):
return Response("测试数据login")
# detail为False 表示路径名格式应该为 router_stu/get_new_5/
@action(methods=['put'], detail=False)
def get_new_5(self, request):
"""获取最新添加的5个学生信息"""
return Response("测试数据get_new_5")
由路由器自动为此视图集自定义action方法形成的路由会是如下内容:
^router_stu/get_new_5/$ name: router_stu-get_new_5
^router_stu/{pk}/login/$ name: router_stu-login
2.3 router形成URL的方式
1) SimpleRouter
2)DefaultRouter
DefaultRouter与SimpleRouter的区别
DefaultRouter会多附带一个默认的API根视图,返回一个包含所有列表视图的超链接响应数据