R(8): tidyr

tidy(整洁),Tidyr包是由Hadely Wickham创建,这个包提高了整理原始数据的效率,tidyr包的4个常用的函数及其用途如下:

  • gather()——它把多列放在一起,然后转化为key:value对。这个函数会把宽格式的数据转化为长格式。它是reshape包中melt函数的一个替代
  • spread()——它的功能和gather相反,把key:value对转化成不同的列
  • separate()——它会把一列拆分为多列
  • unite()——它的功能和separate相反,把多列合并为一列

长形表和宽形表,简单的说,长形表就是一个观测对象可由多行组成,而宽形表则是一个观测仅由一行组成。

初始


  • 安装载入包
    install.packages("tidyr")
    library(tidyr)
  • 组织数据
    > name <- c("A","B","C")
    > gender <- c("F","F","M")
    > province <- c("JS","SH","HN")
    > age <- c(18,22,19)
    > df_wide <- data.frame(name = name, gender = gender, province = province, age = age)
    > df_wide
    name gender province age
    1 A F JS 18
    2 B F SH 22
    3 C M HN 19

gather()


  • Usage: gather(data, key, value, ..., na.rm = FALSE, convert = FALSE, factor_key = FALSE)
    1. data:需要被转换的宽形表
    2. key:将原数据框中的所有列赋给一个新变量key
    3. value:将原数据框中的所有值赋给一个新变量value
    4. …:可以指定哪些列聚到一列中
    5. na.rm:是否删除缺失值
  • 默认将所有列存放到key中,如下例
    > df_gather <- gather(data = df_wide, key = variable, value = value)
    Warning message:
    attributes are not identical across measure variables; they will be dropped
    > df_gather
    variable value
    1 name A
    2 name B
    3 name C
    4 gender F
    5 gender F
    6 gender M
    7 province JS
    8 province SH
    9 province HN
    10 age 18
    11 age 22
    12 age 19
  • 指定需要被聚为一列的字段
    > df_wide %>% gather(key=vars,value=value,gender:age)
    name vars value
    1 A gender F
    2 B gender F
    3 C gender M
    4 A province JS
    5 B province SH
    6 C province HN
    7 A age 18
    8 B age 22
    9 C age 19
  • 上面的代码等价于:df_wide %>% gather(key=vars,value=value,-name)

spread()


  • Usage:spread(data, key, value, fill = NA, convert = FALSE, drop = TRUE, sep = NULL)
    1. data:为需要转换的长形表
    2. key:需要将变量值拓展为字段的变量
    3. value:需要分散的值
    4. fill:对于缺失值,可将fill的值赋值给被转型后的缺失值
  • 功能:将一列分离为多列
  • 示例数据
    > name <- c("A","A","A","B","B")
    > product <- c("P1","P2","P3","P1","P4")
    > price <- c(100,130,55,100,78)
    > df_long <- data.frame(name = name, product = product, price = price)
    > df_long
    name product price
    1 A P1 100
    2 A P2 130
    3 A P3 55
    4 B P1 100
    5 B P4 78
  • 列分离
    > df_long_expand <- spread(data = df_long, key = product, value = price)
    > df_long_expand
    name P1 P2 P3 P4
    1 A 100 130 55 NA
    2 B 100 NA NA 78
  • 被转型后的数据框中存在缺失值,如果想给缺失值传递一个指定值的话,就需要fill参数的作用。

    > spread(data = df_long, key = product, value = price,fill = 0)
    name P1 P2 P3 P4
    1 A 100 130 55 0
    2 B 100 0 0 78

separate()


  • Usage:separate(data, col, into, sep = "[^[:alnum:]]+", remove = TRUE,convert = FALSE, extra = "warn", fill = "warn", ...)
    1. data:为数据框
    2. col:需要被拆分的列
    3. into:新建的列名,为字符串向量
    4. sep:被拆分列的分隔符
    5. remove:是否删除被分割的列
  • 示例数据
    > id <- c(1,2)
    > datetime <- c(as.POSIXlt("2015-12-31 13:23:44"), as.POSIXlt("2016-01-28 21:14:12"))
    > df <- data.frame(id = id, datetime = datetime)
    > df
    id datetime
    1 1 2015-12-31 13:23:44
    2 2 2016-01-28 21:14:12
  • 使用separate()函数将日期时间值分割为年、月、日、时、分、秒
    > #拆成日期和时间
    > separate1 <- separate(df,col="datetime",into=c("date","time"),sep=" ",remove=FALSE)
    > separate1
    id datetime date time
    1 1 2015-12-31 13:23:44 2015-12-31 13:23:44
    2 2 2016-01-28 21:14:12 2016-01-28 21:14:12
    >
    > separate2 <- separate(separate1,col="date",into=c("year","month","day"),sep="-",remove=FALSE)
    > separate2
    id datetime date year month day time
    1 1 2015-12-31 13:23:44 2015-12-31 2015 12 31 13:23:44
    2 2 2016-01-28 21:14:12 2016-01-28 2016 01 28 21:14:12
    >
    > separate3 <- separate(separate2,col="time",into=c("hh","mm","ss"),sep=":",remove=TRUE)
    > separate3
    id datetime date year month day hh mm ss
    1 1 2015-12-31 13:23:44 2015-12-31 2015 12 31 13 23 44
    2 2 2016-01-28 21:14:12 2016-01-28 2016 01 28 21 14 12l
  • 连接串写法

    > df %>% separate(.,col="datetime",into=c("date","time"),sep=" ",remove=TRUE) %>% separate(.,col="date",into=c("year","month","day"),sep="-",remove=TRUE)%>% separate(.,col="time",into=c("hh","mm","ss"),sep=":",remove=TRUE)
    id year month day hh mm ss
    1 1 2015 12 31 13 23 44
    2 2 2016 01 28 21 14 12

unite()


  • 与separate()函数相反,它将多列合并为一列
  • Usage: unite(data, col, ..., sep = "_", remove = TRUE)
    1. data:为数据框
    2. col:被组合的新列名称
    3. …:指定哪些列需要被组合
    4. sep:组合列之间的连接符,默认为下划线
    5. remove:是否删除被组合的列
    • 示例
      > df1
      id year month day hh mm ss
      1 1 2015 12 31 13 23 44
      2 2 2016 01 28 21 14 12
      > df1 %>% unite(.,col="date",year,month,day,sep="-")%>% unite(.,col="time",hh,mm,ss,sep=":")%>% unite(.,col="datetime",date,time,sep=" ")
      id datetime
      1 1 2015-12-31 13:23:44
      2 2 2016-01-28 21:14:12
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