在Linux下，我们精要遇到需要查看系统的硬件信息， 这里我罗列了查看系统硬件信息的实用命令，并做了分类，实例解说。
执行环境：ubuntu 16.04
cpu
lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的统计信息.
root@ubuntu:/home/peng/# lscpu
Architecture: x86_64 #cpu架构
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian #小尾序
CPU(s): 1 #总共有1核
On-line CPU(s) list: 0
Thread(s) per core: 1 #每个cpu核，只能支持一个线程，即不支持超线程
Core(s) per socket: 1
Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel #cpu产商 intel
CPU family: 6
Model: 158
Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz
Stepping: 9
CPU MHz: 3408.070
BogoMIPS: 6816.14
Hypervisor vendor: VMware
Virtualization type: full #支持cpu虚拟化技术
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 6144K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0
查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等。
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 158
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz
stepping : 9
microcode : 0x48
cpu MHz : 3408.070
cache size : 6144 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 1
core id : 0
cpu cores : 1
apicid : 0
initial apicid : 0
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 22
wp : yes
.....
内存
概要查看内存情况
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1970 702 315 13 952 1025
Swap: 974 20 954
这里的单位是MB，总共的内存是1970MB。
查看内存详细使用
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 2017516 kB
MemFree: 242020 kB
MemAvailable: 1003240 kB
Buffers: 104192 kB
Cached: 699824 kB
SwapCached: 1832 kB
Active: 696320 kB
Inactive: 639924 kB
Active(anon): 236412 kB
Inactive(anon): 301996 kB
Active(file): 459908 kB
Inactive(file): 337928 kB
Unevictable: 48 kB
Mlocked: 48 kB
.....
查看内存硬件信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 3.0
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0084, DMI type 5, 46 bytes
Memory Controller Information
Error Detecting Method: None
Error Correcting Capabilities:
None
Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave
Current Interleave: One-way Interleave
Maximum Memory Module Size: 32768 MB
Maximum Total Memory Size: 491520 MB
Supported Speeds:
70 ns
60 ns
Supported Memory Types:
FPM
EDO
DIMM
SDRAM
Memory Module Voltage: 3.3 V
Associated Memory Slots: 15
.....
内存最大值是 491520 MB。
磁盘
查看硬盘和分区分布
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 500G 0 disk
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda1 8:1 0 499G 0 part /
显示很直观
如果要看硬盘和分区的详细信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 500 GiB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9c674a44
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1046575103 1046573056 499G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1046577150 1048573951 1996802 975M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1046577152 1048573951 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
网卡
查看网卡硬件信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci | grep -i 'eth'
02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)
查看系统的所有网络接口
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ifconfig -a
ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40
inet addr:192.168.0.117 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::76fa:5548:3da0:2ef/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:174629 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:105285 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:237519396 (237.5 MB) TX bytes:9592767 (9.5 MB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB) TX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB)
或者是
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
或者
如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如ens33的详细参数和指标
【网口有的是eth0】
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ethtool ens33
Settings for ens33:
Supported ports: [ TP ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full #支持千兆半双工，全双工模式
1000baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes #默认使用自适应模式
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 1000Mb/s #网卡的速度是1000Mb
Duplex: Full #全双工
Port: Twisted Pair
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
MDI-X: off (auto)
Supports Wake-on: d
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
drv probe link
Link detected: yes #表示有网线连接，和路由是通的
其他
查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX - 82443BX/ZX/DX Host bridge (rev 01)
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX - 82443BX/ZX/DX AGP bridge (rev 01)
00:07.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ISA (rev 08)
00:07.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev 01)
00:07.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 08)
00:07.7 System peripheral: VMware Virtual Machine Communication Interface (rev 10)
00:0f.0 VGA compatible controller: VMware SVGA II Adapter
00:10.0 SCSI storage controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic 53c1030 PCI-X Fusion-MPT Dual Ultra320 SCSI (rev 01)
00:11.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI bridge (rev 02)
00:15.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:15.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:16.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:17.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
00:18.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)
02:00.0 USB controller: VMware USB1.1 UHCI Controller
02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)
02:02.0 Multimedia audio controller: Ensoniq ES1371/ES1373 / Creative Labs CT2518 (rev 02)
02:03.0 USB controller: VMware USB2 EHCI Controller
02:05.0 SATA controller: VMware SATA AHCI controller
如果要更详细的信息:lspci -v 或者 lspci -vv
如果要看设备树:lscpi -t
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci -t
-[0000:00]-+-00.0
+-01.0-[01]--
+-07.0
+-07.1
+-07.3
+-07.7
+-0f.0
+-10.0
+-11.0-[02]--+-00.0
| +-01.0
| +-02.0
| +-03.0
| \-05.0
+-15.0-[03]--
+-15.1-[04]--
+-15.2-[05]--
+-15.3-[06]--
+-15.4-[07]--
+-15.5-[08]--
+-15.6-[09]--
+-15.7-[0a]--
+-16.0-[0b]--
+-16.1-[0c]--
+-16.2-[0d]--
+-16.3-[0e]--
+-16.4-[0f]--
+-16.5-[10]--
+-16.6-[11]--
+-16.7-[12]--
+-17.0-[13]--
+-17.1-[14]--
+-17.2-[15]--
+-17.3-[16]--
+-17.4-[17]--
+-17.5-[18]--
+-17.6-[19]--
+-17.7-[1a]--
+-18.0-[1b]--
+-18.1-[1c]--
+-18.2-[1d]--
+-18.3-[1e]--
+-18.4-[1f]--
+-18.5-[20]--
+-18.6-[21]--
\-18.7-[22]--
查看bios信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t bios
# dmidecode 3.0
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: Phoenix Technologies LTD
Version: 6.00
Release Date: 07/29/2019
Address: 0xEA480
Runtime Size: 88960 bytes
ROM Size: 64 kB
Characteristics:
ISA is supported
PCI is supported
PC Card (PCMCIA) is supported
PNP is supported
APM is supported
BIOS is upgradeable
BIOS shadowing is allowed
ESCD support is available
Boot from CD is supported
Selectable boot is supported
EDD is supported
Print screen service is supported (int 5h)
8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
Serial services are supported (int 14h)
Printer services are supported (int 17h)
CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
ACPI is supported
Smart battery is supported
BIOS boot specification is supported
Function key-initiated network boot is supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
BIOS Revision: 4.6
Firmware Revision: 0.0
dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等。
如果要查看所有有用信息
dmidecode -q里面包含了很多硬件信息。