本文分析基于Linux Kernel 1.2.13
原创作品,转载请标明http://blog.csdn.net/yming0221/article/details/7552455
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作者:闫明
注:标题中的”(上)“,”(下)“表示分析过程基于数据包的传递方向:”(上)“表示分析是从底层向上分析、”(下)“表示分析是从上向下分析。
上篇博文分析传输层最终会调用函数ip_queue_xmit()函数,将发送数据的任务交给网络层,下面就分析了下该函数:
该函数的主要函数调用关系图如下:
[cpp] view plaincopy
- /*
- * Queues a packet to be sent, and starts the transmitter
- * if necessary. if free = 1 then we free the block after
- * transmit, otherwise we don't. If free==2 we not only
- * free the block but also don't assign a new ip seq number.
- * This routine also needs to put in the total length,
- * and compute the checksum
- */
- void ip_queue_xmit(struct sock *sk, //发送数据的队列所对应的sock结构
- struct device *dev,//发送该数据包的网卡设备
- struct sk_buff *skb,//封装好的sk_buff结构,要发送的数据在该结构中
- int free)//主要配合TCP协议使用,用于数据包的重发,UDP等协议调用是free=1
- {
- struct iphdr *iph;//IP数据报首部指针
- unsigned char *ptr;
- /* Sanity check */
- if (dev == NULL)
- {
- printk("IP: ip_queue_xmit dev = NULL\n");
- return;
- }
- IS_SKB(skb);
- /*
- * Do some book-keeping in the packet for later
- */
- skb->dev = dev;//进一步完整sk_buff的相应字段
- skb->when = jiffies;//用于TCP协议的超时重传
- /*
- * Find the IP header and set the length. This is bad
- * but once we get the skb data handling code in the
- * hardware will push its header sensibly and we will
- * set skb->ip_hdr to avoid this mess and the fixed
- * header length problem
- */
- ptr = skb->data;//指针指向sk_buff中的数据部分
- ptr += dev->hard_header_len;//hard_header_len为硬件首部长度,在net_init.c的函数eth_setup()函数中设置的,dev->hard_header_len = ETH_HLEN; 以太网首部长度为14
- iph = (struct iphdr *)ptr;//prt已经指向IP数据包的首部
- skb->ip_hdr = iph;
- iph->tot_len = ntohs(skb->len-dev->hard_header_len);//计算IP数据报的总长度
- #ifdef CONFIG_IP_FIREWALL
- if(ip_fw_chk(iph, dev, ip_fw_blk_chain, ip_fw_blk_policy, 0) != 1)
- /* just don't send this packet */
- return;
- #endif
- /*
- * No reassigning numbers to fragments...
- */
- if(free!=2)
- iph->id = htons(ip_id_count++);
- else
- free=1;
- /* All buffers without an owner socket get freed */
- if (sk == NULL)
- free = 1;
- skb->free = free;//设置skb的free值,free=1,发送后立即释放;free=2,不但释放缓存,而且不分配新的序列号
- /*
- * Do we need to fragment. Again this is inefficient.
- * We need to somehow lock the original buffer and use
- * bits of it.
- */
- //数据帧中的数据部分必须小于等于MTU
- if(skb->len > dev->mtu + dev->hard_header_len)//发送的数据长度大于数据帧的数据部分和帧首部之和,则需要分片
- {
- ip_fragment(sk,skb,dev,0);//对数据报分片后继续调用ip _queue_xmit()函数发送数据
- IS_SKB(skb);
- kfree_skb(skb,FREE_WRITE);
- return;
- }
- /*
- * Add an IP checksum
- */
- ip_send_check(iph);//IP数据报首部检查
- /*
- * Print the frame when debugging
- */
- /*
- * More debugging. You cannot queue a packet already on a list
- * Spot this and moan loudly.
- */
- if (skb->next != NULL)//说明该数据包仍然存在于某个缓存队列
- {
- printk("ip_queue_xmit: next != NULL\n");
- skb_unlink(skb);//将其从缓存链表中删除,否则可能导致内核错误
- }
- /*
- * If a sender wishes the packet to remain unfreed
- * we add it to his send queue. This arguably belongs
- * in the TCP level since nobody else uses it. BUT
- * remember IPng might change all the rules.
- */
- if (!free)//free=0
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- /* The socket now has more outstanding blocks */
- sk->packets_out++;
- /* Protect the list for a moment */
- save_flags(flags);
- cli();
- if (skb->link3 != NULL)//link3指向数据报道呃重发队列
- {
- printk("ip.c: link3 != NULL\n");
- skb->link3 = NULL;
- }
- //sk中send_tail和send_head是用户缓存的单向链表表尾和表头
- if (sk->send_head == NULL)
- {
- sk->send_tail = skb;
- sk->send_head = skb;
- }
- else
- {
- sk->send_tail->link3 = skb;//link3指针用于数据包的连接
- sk->send_tail = skb;
- }
- /* skb->link3 is NULL */
- /* Interrupt restore */
- restore_flags(flags);
- }
- else
- /* Remember who owns the buffer */
- skb->sk = sk;
- /*
- * If the indicated interface is up and running, send the packet.
- */
- ip_statistics.IpOutRequests++;
- #ifdef CONFIG_IP_ACCT
- ip_acct_cnt(iph,dev, ip_acct_chain);
- #endif
- #ifdef CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST //这部分是IP数据报的多播处理
- /*
- * Multicasts are looped back for other local users
- */
- .......................................
- #endif
- if((dev->flags&IFF_BROADCAST) && iph->daddr==dev->pa_brdaddr && !(dev->flags&IFF_LOOPBACK))//广播数据包的处理
- ip_loopback(dev,skb);
- if (dev->flags & IFF_UP)//设备状态正常
- {
- /*
- * If we have an owner use its priority setting,
- * otherwise use NORMAL
- */
- //调用设备接口层函数发送数据: dev_queue_xmit()函数
- if (sk != NULL)
- {
- dev_queue_xmit(skb, dev, sk->priority);
- }
- else
- {
- dev_queue_xmit(skb, dev, SOPRI_NORMAL);
- }
- }
- else//设备状态不正常
- {
- ip_statistics.IpOutDiscards++;
- if (free)
- kfree_skb(skb, FREE_WRITE);
- }
- }
这个函数中对长度过长的数据包进行了分片,ip_fragment()函数,该函数没有详细分析。
[cpp] view plaincopy
- void ip_fragment(struct sock *sk, struct sk_buff *skb, struct device *dev, int is_frag)
- {
- struct iphdr *iph;
- unsigned char *raw;
- unsigned char *ptr;
- struct sk_buff *skb2;
- int left, mtu, hlen, len;
- int offset;
- unsigned long flags;
- /*
- * Point into the IP datagram header.
- */
- raw = skb->data;
- iph = (struct iphdr *) (raw + dev->hard_header_len);
- skb->ip_hdr = iph;
- /*
- * Setup starting values.
- */
- hlen = (iph->ihl * sizeof(unsigned long));
- left = ntohs(iph->tot_len) - hlen; /* Space per frame */
- hlen += dev->hard_header_len; /* Total header size */
- mtu = (dev->mtu - hlen); /* Size of data space */
- ptr = (raw + hlen); /* Where to start from */
- /*
- * Check for any "DF" flag. [DF means do not fragment]
- */
- if (ntohs(iph->frag_off) & IP_DF)
- {
- /*
- * Reply giving the MTU of the failed hop.
- */
- ip_statistics.IpFragFails++;
- icmp_send(skb,ICMP_DEST_UNREACH, ICMP_FRAG_NEEDED, dev->mtu, dev);
- return;
- }
- /*
- * The protocol doesn't seem to say what to do in the case that the
- * frame + options doesn't fit the mtu. As it used to fall down dead
- * in this case we were fortunate it didn't happen
- */
- if(mtu<8)
- {
- /* It's wrong but it's better than nothing */
- icmp_send(skb,ICMP_DEST_UNREACH,ICMP_FRAG_NEEDED,dev->mtu, dev);
- ip_statistics.IpFragFails++;
- return;
- }
- /*
- * Fragment the datagram.
- */
- /*
- * The initial offset is 0 for a complete frame. When
- * fragmenting fragments it's wherever this one starts.
- */
- if (is_frag & 2)
- offset = (ntohs(iph->frag_off) & 0x1fff) << 3;
- else
- offset = 0;
- /*
- * Keep copying data until we run out.
- */
- while(left > 0)
- {
- len = left;
- /* IF: it doesn't fit, use 'mtu' - the data space left */
- if (len > mtu)
- len = mtu;
- /* IF: we are not sending upto and including the packet end
- then align the next start on an eight byte boundary */
- if (len < left)
- {
- len/=8;
- len*=8;
- }
- /*
- * Allocate buffer.
- */
- if ((skb2 = alloc_skb(len + hlen,GFP_ATOMIC)) == NULL)
- {
- printk("IP: frag: no memory for new fragment!\n");
- ip_statistics.IpFragFails++;
- return;
- }
- /*
- * Set up data on packet
- */
- skb2->arp = skb->arp;
- if(skb->free==0)
- printk("IP fragmenter: BUG free!=1 in fragmenter\n");
- skb2->free = 1;
- skb2->len = len + hlen;
- skb2->h.raw=(char *) skb2->data;
- /*
- * Charge the memory for the fragment to any owner
- * it might possess
- */
- save_flags(flags);
- if (sk)
- {
- cli();
- sk->wmem_alloc += skb2->mem_len;
- skb2->sk=sk;
- }
- restore_flags(flags);
- skb2->raddr = skb->raddr; /* For rebuild_header - must be here */
- /*
- * Copy the packet header into the new buffer.
- */
- memcpy(skb2->h.raw, raw, hlen);
- /*
- * Copy a block of the IP datagram.
- */
- memcpy(skb2->h.raw + hlen, ptr, len);
- left -= len;
- skb2->h.raw+=dev->hard_header_len;
- /*
- * Fill in the new header fields.
- */
- iph = (struct iphdr *)(skb2->h.raw/*+dev->hard_header_len*/);
- iph->frag_off = htons((offset >> 3));
- /*
- * Added AC : If we are fragmenting a fragment thats not the
- * last fragment then keep MF on each bit
- */
- if (left > 0 || (is_frag & 1))
- iph->frag_off |= htons(IP_MF);
- ptr += len;
- offset += len;
- /*
- * Put this fragment into the sending queue.
- */
- ip_statistics.IpFragCreates++;
- ip_queue_xmit(sk, dev, skb2, 2);//还是调用ip_queue_xmit()函数来发送分片后的数据
- }
- ip_statistics.IpFragOKs++;
- }
网络层的发送函数调用了设备接口层,相当于网络模型的链路层的发送函数dev_queue_xmit()
该函数的调用关系如下:
[cpp] view plaincopy
- /*
- * Send (or queue for sending) a packet.
- *
- * IMPORTANT: When this is called to resend frames. The caller MUST
- * already have locked the sk_buff. Apart from that we do the
- * rest of the magic.
- */
- void dev_queue_xmit(struct sk_buff *skb, struct device *dev, int pri)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- int nitcount;
- struct packet_type *ptype;
- int where = 0; /* used to say if the packet should go */
- /* at the front or the back of the */
- /* queue - front is a retransmit try */
- /* where=0 表示是刚从上层传递的新数据包;where=1 表示从硬件队列中取出的数据包*/
- if (dev == NULL)
- {
- printk("dev.c: dev_queue_xmit: dev = NULL\n");
- return;
- }
- if(pri>=0 && !skb_device_locked(skb))//锁定该skb再进行操作,避免造成内核的不一致情况
- skb_device_lock(skb); /* Shove a lock on the frame */
- #ifdef CONFIG_SLAVE_BALANCING
- save_flags(flags);
- cli();
- if(dev->slave!=NULL && dev->slave->pkt_queue < dev->pkt_queue &&
- (dev->slave->flags & IFF_UP))
- dev=dev->slave;
- restore_flags(flags);
- #endif
- #ifdef CONFIG_SKB_CHECK
- IS_SKB(skb);
- #endif
- skb->dev = dev;
- /*
- * This just eliminates some race conditions, but not all...
- */
- if (skb->next != NULL) //这种条件似乎永远不能成立,因为发送数据包前,数据包已经从缓存队列摘下
- {//以防内核代码有BUG
- /*
- * Make sure we haven't missed an interrupt.
- */
- printk("dev_queue_xmit: worked around a missed interrupt\n");
- start_bh_atomic();
- dev->hard_start_xmit(NULL, dev);
- end_bh_atomic();
- return;
- }
- /*
- * Negative priority is used to flag a frame that is being pulled from the
- * queue front as a retransmit attempt. It therefore goes back on the queue
- * start on a failure.
- */
- if (pri < 0) //优先级小于0表示是从硬件队列中取出的数据包
- {
- pri = -pri-1;
- where = 1;
- }
- if (pri >= DEV_NUMBUFFS)
- {
- printk("bad priority in dev_queue_xmit.\n");
- pri = 1;
- }
- /*
- * If the address has not been resolved. Call the device header rebuilder.
- * This can cover all protocols and technically not just ARP either.
- */
- if (!skb->arp && dev->rebuild_header(skb->data, dev, skb->raddr, skb)) {//用于ARP协议,并重建MAC帧首部
- return;
- }
- save_flags(flags);
- cli();
- if (!where) {//表示是新数据包,需要将其加入设备队列中
- #ifdef CONFIG_SLAVE_BALANCING
- skb->in_dev_queue=1;//该数据包在设备队列
- #endif
- skb_queue_tail(dev->buffs + pri,skb);//将发送数据包加入硬件队列
- skb_device_unlock(skb); /* Buffer is on the device queue and can be freed safely */
- skb = skb_dequeue(dev->buffs + pri);//从硬件队列中取出一个数据包
- skb_device_lock(skb); /* New buffer needs locking down */
- #ifdef CONFIG_SLAVE_BALANCING
- skb->in_dev_queue=0;
- #endif
- }
- restore_flags(flags);
- /* copy outgoing packets to any sniffer packet handlers */
- if(!where)//对于新的数据包,则遍历网络层协议队列,内核支持混杂模式
- {
- for (nitcount= dev_nit, ptype = ptype_base; nitcount > 0 && ptype != NULL; ptype = ptype->next)
- {
- /* Never send packets back to the socket
- * they originated from - MvS (miquels@drinkel.ow.org)
- */
- if (ptype->type == htons(ETH_P_ALL) &&
- (ptype->dev == dev || !ptype->dev) &&
- ((struct sock *)ptype->data != skb->sk))
- {
- struct sk_buff *skb2;
- if ((skb2 = skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC)) == NULL)
- break;
- /*
- * The protocol knows this has (for other paths) been taken off
- * and adds it back.
- */
- skb2->len-=skb->dev->hard_header_len;
- ptype->func(skb2, skb->dev, ptype);//IP层函数对应func为ip_rcv(),将发送的数据回送一份给对应的网络层协议
- nitcount--;//用于及时退出循环
- }
- }
- }
- start_bh_atomic();//开始原子操作
- if (dev->hard_start_xmit(skb, dev) == 0) {//调用硬件的发送函数发送数据
- end_bh_atomic();//结束原子操作
- /*
- * Packet is now solely the responsibility of the driver
- */
- return;//到这里说明数据包成功发送
- }
- //数据包没有成功发送,进行处理,将数据包从新加入硬件队列
- end_bh_atomic();
- /*
- * Transmission failed, put skb back into a list. Once on the list it's safe and
- * no longer device locked (it can be freed safely from the device queue)
- */
- cli();
- #ifdef CONFIG_SLAVE_BALANCING
- skb->in_dev_queue=1;
- dev->pkt_queue++;
- #endif
- skb_device_unlock(skb);//对SKB解锁
- skb_queue_head(dev->buffs + pri,skb);//这次采用头插法插入硬件发送队列
- restore_flags(flags);
- }
具体的硬件发送函数dev->hard_start_xmit的实现将做下篇博文中分析。