目录
- Outline
- What's Gradient
- What does it mean？
- How to search
- For instance
- AutoGrad
- $2^{nd}$-order
Outline
What's Gradient
What does it mean
How to Search
AutoGrad
What's Gradient
导数，derivative，抽象表达
偏微分，partial derivative，沿着某个具体的轴运动
梯度，gradient，向量
\[\nabla{f} = (\frac{\partial{f}}{\partial{x_1}};\frac{\partial{f}}{{\partial{x_2}}};\cdots;\frac{\partial{f}}{{\partial{x_n}}}) \]
What does it mean？
- 箭头的方向表示梯度的方向
- 箭头模的大小表示梯度增大的速率
How to search
- 沿着梯度下降的反方向搜索
For instance
\[\theta_{t+1}=\theta_t-\alpha_t\nabla{f(\theta_t)} \]
AutoGrad
-
With Tf.GradientTape() as tape:
- Build computation graph
- \(loss = f_\theta{(x)}\)
[w_grad] = tape.gradient(loss,[w])
import tensorflow as tf
w = tf.constant(1.) x = tf.constant(2.) y = x * w
with tf.GradientTape() as tape: tape.watch([w]) y2 = x * w
grad1 = tape.gradient(y, [w]) grad1
[None]
with tf.GradientTape() as tape: tape.watch([w]) y2 = x * w
grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w]) grad2
[<tf.Tensor: id=30, shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]
try: grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w]) except Exception as e: print(e)
GradientTape.gradient can only be called once on non-persistent tapes.
- 永久保存grad
with tf.GradientTape(persistent=True) as tape: tape.watch([w]) y2 = x * w
grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w]) grad2
[<tf.Tensor: id=35, shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]
grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w]) grad2
[<tf.Tensor: id=39, shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]
\(2^{nd}\)-order
y = xw + b
\(\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{w}} = x\)
\(\frac{\partial^2{y}}{\partial{w^2}} = \frac{\partial{y'}}{\partial{w}} = \frac{\partial{X}}{\partial{w}} = None\)
with tf.GradientTape() as t1: with tf.GradientTape() as t2: y = x * w + b dy_dw, dy_db = t2.gradient(y, [w, b]) d2y_dw2 = t1.gradient(dy_dw, w)