1. 深度残差收缩网络的初衷
大家有没有发现这样一种现象：在很多数据集中，每个样本内部，都或多或少地包含着一些与标签无关的信息；这些信息的话，其实就是冗余的。
然后，即使在同一个样本集中，各个样本的噪声含量也往往是不同的。
那么，降噪算法中常用的软阈值函数，能不能嵌入到深度残差网络中呢？
2. 深度残差收缩网络的结构
深度残差收缩网络本质上就是深度残差网络和软阈值函数的集成。不仅如此，软阈值函数所需要的阈值，也是在深度残差收缩网络内部自动设置的，避免了人工设置的麻烦。深度残差收缩网络的基本模块如下图所示：
通过堆叠许多基本模块以及输入层和全连接输出层，我们就可以得到深度残差收缩网络的整体结构：
3.深度残差收缩网络的实现
下面以图像分类为例，构建了一个小型的深度残差收缩网络，超参数也没有优化。为追求高准确率的话，可以适当增加深度，增加训练迭代次数，以及适当调整超参数。下面是Keras程序：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sat Dec 28 23:24:05 2019
Implemented using TensorFlow 1.0.1 and Keras 2.2.1
M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, et al., Deep Residual Shrinkage Networks for Fault Diagnosis,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898
@author: super_9527
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import keras
import numpy as np
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.layers import Dense, Conv2D, BatchNormalization, Activation
from keras.layers import AveragePooling2D, Input, GlobalAveragePooling2D
from keras.optimizers import Adam
from keras.regularizers import l2
from keras import backend as K
from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers.core import Lambda
K.set_learning_phase(1)
# Input image dimensions
img_rows, img_cols = 28, 28
# The data, split between train and test sets
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_first':
x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols)
x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols)
input_shape = (1, img_rows, img_cols)
else:
x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1)
x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1)
input_shape = (img_rows, img_cols, 1)
# Noised data
x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255. + 0.5*np.random.random([x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1])
x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255. + 0.5*np.random.random([x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1])
print('x_train shape:', x_train.shape)
print(x_train.shape[0], 'train samples')
print(x_test.shape[0], 'test samples')
# convert class vectors to binary class matrices
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, 10)
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, 10)
def abs_backend(inputs):
return K.abs(inputs)
def expand_dim_backend(inputs):
return K.expand_dims(K.expand_dims(inputs,1),1)
def sign_backend(inputs):
return K.sign(inputs)
def pad_backend(inputs, in_channels, out_channels):
pad_dim = (out_channels - in_channels)//2
return K.spatial_3d_padding(inputs, padding = ((0,0),(0,0),(pad_dim,pad_dim)))
# Residual Shrinakge Block
def residual_shrinkage_block(incoming, nb_blocks, out_channels, downsample=False,
downsample_strides=2):
residual = incoming
in_channels = incoming.get_shape().as_list()[-1]
for i in range(nb_blocks):
identity = residual
if not downsample:
downsample_strides = 1
residual = BatchNormalization()(residual)
residual = Activation('relu')(residual)
residual = Conv2D(out_channels, 3, strides=(downsample_strides, downsample_strides),
padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal',
kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(residual)
residual = BatchNormalization()(residual)
residual = Activation('relu')(residual)
residual = Conv2D(out_channels, 3, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal',
kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(residual)
# Calculate global means
residual_abs = Lambda(abs_backend)(residual)
abs_mean = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(residual_abs)
# Calculate scaling coefficients
scales = Dense(out_channels, activation=None, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(abs_mean)
scales = BatchNormalization()(scales)
scales = Activation('relu')(scales)
scales = Dense(out_channels, activation='sigmoid', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(scales)
scales = Lambda(expand_dim_backend)(scales)
# Calculate thresholds
thres = keras.layers.multiply([abs_mean, scales])
# Soft thresholding
sub = keras.layers.subtract([residual_abs, thres])
zeros = keras.layers.subtract([sub, sub])
n_sub = keras.layers.maximum([sub, zeros])
residual = keras.layers.multiply([Lambda(sign_backend)(residual), n_sub])
# Downsampling (it is important to use the pooL-size of (1, 1))
if downsample_strides > 1:
identity = AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(1,1), strides=(2,2))(identity)
# Zero_padding to match channels (it is important to use zero padding rather than 1by1 convolution)
if in_channels != out_channels:
identity = Lambda(pad_backend)(identity, in_channels, out_channels)
residual = keras.layers.add([residual, identity])
return residual
# define and train a model
inputs = Input(shape=input_shape)
net = Conv2D(8, 3, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(inputs)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 8, downsample=True)
net = BatchNormalization()(net)
net = Activation('relu')(net)
net = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(net)
outputs = Dense(10, activation='softmax', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(net)
model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=Adam(), metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=100, epochs=5, verbose=1, validation_data=(x_test, y_test))
# get results
K.set_learning_phase(0)
DRSN_train_score = model.evaluate(x_train, y_train, batch_size=100, verbose=0)
print('Train loss:', DRSN_train_score[0])
print('Train accuracy:', DRSN_train_score[1])
DRSN_test_score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=100, verbose=0)
print('Test loss:', DRSN_test_score[0])
print('Test accuracy:', DRSN_test_score[1])
TFLearn程序：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Mon Dec 23 21:23:09 2019
Implemented using TensorFlow 1.0 and TFLearn 0.3.2
M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, B. Tang, M. Pecht, Deep Residual Shrinkage Networks for Fault Diagnosis,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898
@author: super_9527
"""
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
import tflearn
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tflearn.layers.conv import conv_2d
# Data loading
from tflearn.datasets import cifar10
(X, Y), (testX, testY) = cifar10.load_data()
# Add noise
X = X + np.random.random((50000, 32, 32, 3))*0.1
testX = testX + np.random.random((10000, 32, 32, 3))*0.1
# Transform labels to one-hot format
Y = tflearn.data_utils.to_categorical(Y,10)
testY = tflearn.data_utils.to_categorical(testY,10)
def residual_shrinkage_block(incoming, nb_blocks, out_channels, downsample=False,
downsample_strides=2, activation='relu', batch_norm=True,
bias=True, weights_init='variance_scaling',
bias_init='zeros', regularizer='L2', weight_decay=0.0001,
trainable=True, restore=True, reuse=False, scope=None,
name="ResidualBlock"):
# residual shrinkage blocks with channel-wise thresholds
residual = incoming
in_channels = incoming.get_shape().as_list()[-1]
# Variable Scope fix for older TF
try:
vscope = tf.variable_scope(scope, default_name=name, values=[incoming],
reuse=reuse)
except Exception:
vscope = tf.variable_op_scope([incoming], scope, name, reuse=reuse)
with vscope as scope:
name = scope.name #TODO
for i in range(nb_blocks):
identity = residual
if not downsample:
downsample_strides = 1
if batch_norm:
residual = tflearn.batch_normalization(residual)
residual = tflearn.activation(residual, activation)
residual = conv_2d(residual, out_channels, 3,
downsample_strides, 'same', 'linear',
bias, weights_init, bias_init,
regularizer, weight_decay, trainable,
restore)
if batch_norm:
residual = tflearn.batch_normalization(residual)
residual = tflearn.activation(residual, activation)
residual = conv_2d(residual, out_channels, 3, 1, 'same',
'linear', bias, weights_init,
bias_init, regularizer, weight_decay,
trainable, restore)
# get thresholds and apply thresholding
abs_mean = tf.reduce_mean(tf.reduce_mean(tf.abs(residual),axis=2,keep_dims=True),axis=1,keep_dims=True)
scales = tflearn.fully_connected(abs_mean, out_channels//4, activation='linear',regularizer='L2',weight_decay=0.0001,weights_init='variance_scaling')
scales = tflearn.batch_normalization(scales)
scales = tflearn.activation(scales, 'relu')
scales = tflearn.fully_connected(scales, out_channels, activation='linear',regularizer='L2',weight_decay=0.0001,weights_init='variance_scaling')
scales = tf.expand_dims(tf.expand_dims(scales,axis=1),axis=1)
thres = tf.multiply(abs_mean,tflearn.activations.sigmoid(scales))
# soft thresholding
residual = tf.multiply(tf.sign(residual), tf.maximum(tf.abs(residual)-thres,0))
# Downsampling
if downsample_strides > 1:
identity = tflearn.avg_pool_2d(identity, 1,
downsample_strides)
# Projection to new dimension
if in_channels != out_channels:
if (out_channels - in_channels) % 2 == 0:
ch = (out_channels - in_channels)//2
identity = tf.pad(identity,
[[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [ch, ch]])
else:
ch = (out_channels - in_channels)//2
identity = tf.pad(identity,
[[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [ch, ch+1]])
in_channels = out_channels
residual = residual + identity
return residual
# Real-time data preprocessing
img_prep = tflearn.ImagePreprocessing()
img_prep.add_featurewise_zero_center(per_channel=True)
# Real-time data augmentation
img_aug = tflearn.ImageAugmentation()
img_aug.add_random_flip_leftright()
img_aug.add_random_crop([32, 32], padding=4)
# Build a Deep Residual Shrinkage Network with 3 blocks
net = tflearn.input_data(shape=[None, 32, 32, 3],
data_preprocessing=img_prep,
data_augmentation=img_aug)
net = tflearn.conv_2d(net, 16, 3, regularizer='L2', weight_decay=0.0001)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 16)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 32, downsample=True)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 32, downsample=True)
net = tflearn.batch_normalization(net)
net = tflearn.activation(net, 'relu')
net = tflearn.global_avg_pool(net)
# Regression
net = tflearn.fully_connected(net, 10, activation='softmax')
mom = tflearn.Momentum(0.1, lr_decay=0.1, decay_step=20000, staircase=True)
net = tflearn.regression(net, optimizer=mom, loss='categorical_crossentropy')
# Training
model = tflearn.DNN(net, checkpoint_path='model_cifar10',
max_checkpoints=10, tensorboard_verbose=0,
clip_gradients=0.)
model.fit(X, Y, n_epoch=100, snapshot_epoch=False, snapshot_step=500,
show_metric=True, batch_size=100, shuffle=True, run_id='model_cifar10')
training_acc = model.evaluate(X, Y)[0]
validation_acc = model.evaluate(testX, testY)[0]
M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, et al. Deep residual shrinkage networks for fault diagnosis[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898