命令行参数
os.Args的第一个元素:os.Args[0],是命令本身的名字;其它的元素则是程序启动时传给它的参数
func main() {
for index, item := range os.Args {
fmt.Printf("index=%d,args=%s\n", index, item)
}
}
go run os_args/main.go xxa a2 s3 d4
index=0,args=/tmp/go-build2136462296/b001/exe/main
index=1,args=xxa
index=2,args=a2
index=3,args=s3
index=4,args=d4
Printf 格式化
%d 十进制整数
%x, %o, %b 十六进制,八进制,二进制整数。
%f, %g, %e 浮点数: 3.141593 3.141592653589793 3.141593e+00
%t 布尔:true或false
%c 字符(rune) (Unicode码点)
%s 字符串
%q 带双引号的字符串"abc"或带单引号的字符'c'
%v 变量的自然形式(natural format)
%T 变量的类型
%p 十六进制表示,前缀 0x
%% 字面上的百分号标志(无操作数)
数组作为参数传递
当调用一个函数的时候,函数的每个调用参数将会被赋值给函数内部的参数变量,所以函数参数变量接收的是一个复制的副本,并不是原始调用的变量。因为函数参数传递的机制导致传递大的数组类型将是低效的,并且对数组参数的任何的修改都是发生在复制的数组上,并不能直接修改调用时原始的数组变量。
func main() {
r := [...]int{99: -1}
fmt.Printf("array r : %v\n", r)
fmt.Printf("r:%p\n", &r)
copyArray(r)
fmt.Printf("array r : %v\n", r)
}
func copyArray(copyR [100]int) {
fmt.Printf("copyR:%p\n", ©R)
fmt.Printf("array copyR : %v\n", copyR)
copyR[0] = 100
fmt.Printf("change array copyR : %v\n", copyR)
}
go run array/main.go
array r : [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
r:0xc00007c000
copyR:0xc00007c700
array copyR : [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
change array copyR : [100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
array r : [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
Slice
slice值包含指向第一个slice元素的指针,因此向函数传递slice将允许在函数内部修改底层数组的元素(依然是拷贝,但是拷贝的对象持有原来的指针,对指针所指向值得修改将会影响到原值)
func main() {
r := []int{99: -1}
fmt.Printf("array r : %v\n", r)
fmt.Printf("r:%p\n", &r)
copyArray(r)
fmt.Printf("array r : %v\n", r)
}
func copyArray(copyR []int) {
fmt.Printf("copyR:%p\n", ©R)
fmt.Printf("array copyR : %v\n", copyR)
copyR[0] = 100
fmt.Printf("change array copyR : %v\n", copyR)
}
go run slice/main.go
array r : [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
r:0xc00000c030
copyR:0xc00000c060
array copyR : [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
change array copyR : [100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
array r : [100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1]
结构体
要在函数内部修改结构体成员的话,需要用指针传入,因为在Go语言中,所有的函数参数都是值拷贝传入的,函数参数将不再是函数调用时的原始变量
结构体嵌入和匿名成员
结构体的嵌入,访问属性麻烦
type Point struct {
X, Y int
}
type Circle struct {
Center Point
Radius int
}
type Wheel struct {
Circle Circle
Spokes int
}
func main() {
var w Wheel
w.Circle.Center.X = 8
w.Circle.Center.Y = 8
w.Circle.Radius = 5
w.Spokes = 20
}
匿名成员
type Point struct {
X, Y int
}
type Circle struct {
Point
Radius int
}
type Wheel struct {
Circle
Spokes int
}
func main() {
var w Wheel
//version 1
w.Circle.Point.X = 8
w.Circle.Point.Y = 8
w.Circle.Radius = 5
w.Spokes = 20
//version 2
w.Circle.X = 9
w.Circle.Y = 9
w.Circle.Radius = 10
w.Spokes = 10
//version 3
w.X = 1
w.Y = 2
w.Radius = 3
w.Spokes = 4
//结构体字面值必须遵循形状类型声明时的结构
w = Wheel{Circle{Point{1, 1}, 5}, 20}
w = Wheel{
Circle: Circle{
Point: Point{X: 1, Y: 1},
Radius: 5,
},
Spokes: 20,
}
}