认证、权限和限制
身份验证是将传入请求与一组标识凭据(例如请求来自的用户或其签名的令牌)相关联的机制。然后 权限 和 限制 组件决定是否拒绝这个请求。
简单来说就是:
认证确定了你是谁
权限确定你能不能访问某个接口
限制确定你访问某个接口的频率
认证
REST framework 提供了一些开箱即用的身份验证方案,并且还允许你实现自定义方案。
接下类我们就自己动手实现一个基于Token的认证方案:
自定义Token认证
表
定义一个用户表和一个保存用户Token的表:
class UserInfo(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=16)
password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
type = models.SmallIntegerField(
choices=((1, '普通用户'), (2, 'VIP用户')),
default=1
) class Token(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(to='UserInfo')
token_code = models.CharField(max_length=128)
定义一个登录视图:
def get_random_token(username):
"""
根据用户名和时间戳生成随机token
:param username:
:return:
"""
import hashlib, time
timestamp = str(time.time())
m = hashlib.md5(bytes(username, encoding="utf8"))
m.update(bytes(timestamp, encoding="utf8"))
return m.hexdigest() class LoginView(APIView):
"""
校验用户名密码是否正确从而生成token的视图
"""
def post(self, request):
res = {"code": 0}
print(request.data)
username = request.data.get("username")
password = request.data.get("password") user = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=username, password=password).first()
if user:
# 如果用户名密码正确
token = get_random_token(username)
models.Token.objects.update_or_create(defaults={"token_code": token}, user=user)
res["token"] = token
else:
res["code"] = 1
res["error"] = "用户名或密码错误"
return Response(res)
定义一个认证类
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed class MyAuth(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
if request.method in ["POST", "PUT", "DELETE"]:
request_token = request.data.get("token", None)
if not request_token:
raise AuthenticationFailed('缺少token')
token_obj = models.Token.objects.filter(token_code=request_token).first()
if not token_obj:
raise AuthenticationFailed('无效的token')
return token_obj.user.username, None
else:
return None, None
视图级别认证
class CommentViewSet(ModelViewSet): queryset = models.Comment.objects.all()
serializer_class = app01_serializers.CommentSerializer
authentication_classes = [MyAuth, ]
全局级别认证
# 在settings.py中配置
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyAuth", ]
}
权限
只有VIP用户才能看的内容。
自定义一个权限类
# 自定义权限
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
message = 'VIP用户才能访问' def has_permission(self, request, view):
"""
自定义权限只有VIP用户才能访问
"""
# 因为在进行权限判断之前已经做了认证判断,所以这里可以直接拿到request.user
if request.user and request.user.type == 2: # 如果是VIP用户
return True
else:
return False
视图级别配置
class CommentViewSet(ModelViewSet): queryset = models.Comment.objects.all()
serializer_class = app01_serializers.CommentSerializer
authentication_classes = [MyAuth, ]
permission_classes = [MyPermission, ]
全局级别设置
# 在settings.py中设置rest framework相关配置项
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyAuth", ],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyPermission", ]
}
限制
DRF内置了基本的限制类,首先我们自己动手写一个限制类,熟悉下限制组件的执行过程。
自定义限制类
VISIT_RECORD = {}
# 自定义限制
class MyThrottle(object): def __init__(self):
self.history = None def allow_request(self, request, view):
"""
自定义频率限制60秒内只能访问三次
"""
# 获取用户IP
ip = request.META.get("REMOTE_ADDR")
timestamp = time.time()
if ip not in VISIT_RECORD:
VISIT_RECORD[ip] = [timestamp, ]
return True
history = VISIT_RECORD[ip]
self.history = history
history.insert(0, timestamp)
while history and history[-1] < timestamp - 60:
history.pop()
if len(history) > 3:
return False
else:
return True def wait(self):
"""
限制时间还剩多少
"""
timestamp = time.time()
return 60 - (timestamp - self.history[-1])
视图使用
class CommentViewSet(ModelViewSet): queryset = models.Comment.objects.all()
serializer_class = app01_serializers.CommentSerializer
throttle_classes = [MyThrottle, ]
全局使用
# 在settings.py中设置rest framework相关配置项
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyAuth", ],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyPermission", ]
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyThrottle", ]
}
使用内置限制类
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle): scope = "xxx" def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
return self.get_ident(request)
全局配置
# 在settings.py中设置rest framework相关配置项
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyAuth", ],
# "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.MyPermission", ]
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.VisitThrottle", ],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES": {
"xxx": "5/m",
}
}