1、复杂SQL查询
1.1、单表查询
(1)选择指定的列
[例]查询全体学生的学号和姓名
- select Sno as 学号,Sname as 姓名 from student;
- select Sno,Sname from student;
(2)查询全部列
[例]查询全体学生的详细信息
select * from student;
(3)对查询后的指定列进行命名
[例]查询全部学生的“姓名”及其“出生年”两列
- select Sname as 姓名,(2014-Sage) as 出生年 from student;
- select Sname ,(2014-Sage) from student;
第一种:
一张人员信息表里有一人生日(Birthday)列,跟据这个列,算出该人员的年龄
datediff(year,birthday,getdate())
例:birthday = '2003-3-8'
getDate()= '2008-7-7'
结果为:5
这样结果是会返回该人员的大概年龄,但不精确.不会精确到月或日.
按照上面测试的日期,该人员的实际年龄应该还不满5岁。在需要精确年龄的时候,就会有错.
第二种:
FLOOR(datediff(DY,birthday,getdate())/365.25)
FLOOR函数:
FLOOR(expr) 返回小于或等于expr的最大整数.FLOOR(1.1)返回1,FLOOR(-1.1)返回-2,FLOOR(1)返回1
这样就可以精确算出,该人员当前实际年龄了.
测试:
birthday = '2000-7-8'
getdate()= '2007-7-7'
算出结果为:6
(4)消除取值重复的行
[例]查询选修了课程的学生学号
- select distinct Sno as 选修了课程的学生学号 from SC;
- select distinct Sno from SC;
(5)选择表中若干元组(满足条件的)
1.2、大小比较
[例]查询计算机系(IS)全体学生名单
select Sname as 学生姓名 from student where Sdept='IS';
[例]查询全体20岁以下的学生姓名和年龄
select Sname as 姓名,Sage as 年龄 from student where Sage<20;
1.3、确定范围
[例]查询所有在20到23岁(含20和23)的学生姓名、系别和年龄
select Sname as 姓名,Sdept as 系别,Sage as 年龄 from student where Sage between20 and 23;
注意between 小数 and 大数。
1.4、in和not in确定集合
[例]查询IS系和CS系的全体学生姓名和性别
- select Sname as 姓名,Ssex as 性别 from student where Sdept='IS' or Sdept='CS';
- select Sname as 姓名,Ssex as 性别 from student where Sdept in ('IS','CS');
[例]查询既不属于IS系,也不属于MA系的学生姓名和年龄
- select Sname as 姓名,Sage as 年龄 from student where Sdept !='IS'and Sdept!='CS';
- select Sname as 姓名,Sage as 年龄 from student where Sdept not in('IS','MA');
1.5、字符匹配(like % _ )
[例]查询所有姓李的学生姓名和性别
select Sname as 姓名,Ssex as 性别 from student where Sname like '李%';
[例]查询所有“2002”年入学的学生学号、姓名和系别
select Sno as 学号,Sname as 姓名,Sdept as 系别 from student where Sno like'2002%';
[例]查询所有不姓“刘”的学生信息
select * from student where Sname not like'刘%';
[例]查询名称含有“数据”的课程号、课程名及学分
select Cno as 课程号,Cname as 课程名,Ccredit as 学分 from course where Cname like '%数据%';
总结:
- select * from course where cname like '%数据%';包含数据的字符串
- select * from course where cname like '数据%';以数据开头的字符串
- select * from course where cname like '%数据'; 以数据结尾的字符串
1.6、涉及空值的查询(is null)
[例]查询没有先修课的课程号和课程名
select Cno as 课程号,Cname as 课程名,Cpno from course where Cpno is null;
[例]查询所有有成绩的学生学号、课程号及成绩
select Sno as 学号,Cno as 课程号,Grade as 成绩 from SC where Grade is not null;
1.7、查询结果排序(order by )
[例]查询选修了3号课程的学生学号和成绩,结果按成绩降序排列。
select Sno as 学号,Grade as 成绩 from SC where Cno=3 order by Grade desc;
[例]查询选修了3号课程的学生学号和成绩,结果按成绩升序排列。
select Sno as 学号,Grade as 成绩 from SC where Cno=3 order by Grade asc;
1.8、聚集函数
count、sum、avg、max、min
[例]查询学生总数
select count(*) as 学生总数 from student;
[例]查询所有课程的总学分
select sum(Ccredit) as 所有课程总学分 from course;
[例]查询全体学生平均年龄
select avg(Sage) as 平均年龄 from student;
[例]查询1号课程的最高分
select max(Grade) as 1号课程的最高分 from SC where Cno=1;
1.9、分组统计(group by)
[例]查询男女学生各有多少人。
select Ssex as 性别,count(*) as 人数 from student group by Ssex;
[例]查询每个课程的课程号和平均分。
select Cno as 课程号,avg(Grade) as 平均分 from SC group by Cno;
【例】查询选修了3门课程以上(含3门)的学生学号和选修课程数。
- select Sno as 学号 ,count(course.Cno) as 选修课程数
- From SC,course
- Where course.Cno=SC.Cno
- Group by Sno
- Having Count(course.Cno)>=3;
having 关键字后面直接跟聚集函数
在 SQL 中增加 HAVING 子句原因是,WHERE 关键字无法与合计函数一起使用。
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value
【例】查询选修了2门课程以上(含2门,但不含1号课程),学生学号和选修课程数。
- select Sno as 学号 ,count(course.Cno) as 选修课程数
- From SC,course
- Where course.Cno=SC.Cno and course.Cno !=1
- Group by Sno
- Having Count(course.Cno)>=2;
【例】查询不及格门数2门以上的学生学号。
- Select Sno
- from sc
- Where sc.Grade<60
- Group by Sno
- Having count(Cno)>=2;
【例】查询有2名以上(含2名)学生选修了的课程号和选修人数。
- Select Cno,count(Sno)
- From SC
- Group by Cno
- Having count(sno)>=2
2、连接查询
(1)等值与非等值连接查询
[例]查询每个学生及其的选修课程情况
- select student.Sno as 学号,course.Cno as 选修课号,SC.Grade as 成绩
- from student,course,SC
- where student.Sno=SC.Sno and course.Cno=SC.Cno ;
(2)自身连接
[例]查询每个学生的间接选修课
select SC.Sno as 学号, FIRST.Cname as 直接选修课, SECOND.Cname as 间接选修课 from SC, course as FIRST, course as SECOND where FIRST.Cno=SC.Cno and FIRST.Cpno=SECOND.Cno;
(3)外连接
[例]查询所有学生选修课程情况(含没选修课程的学生)
select student.Sno as 学号, Sname as 姓名, sc.Cno as 选修课程号 from student LEFT OUTER JOIN SC ON student.Sno=SC.Sno;
join 用于根据两个或多个表中的列之间的关系,从这些表中查询数据
- JOIN: 如果表中有至少一个匹配,则返回行
- LEFT JOIN: 即使右表中没有匹配,也从左表返回所有的行
- RIGHT JOIN: 即使左表中没有匹配,也从右表返回所有的行
- FULL JOIN: 只要其中一个表中存在匹配,就返回行
- UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集。
- 请注意,UNION 内部的 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。同时,每条 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同。
3 、嵌套查询
(1)带有IN谓词的子查询( 属性 in (子查询的查询结果) )
【例】查询与王敏同学在同一个系的学生信息。
- select *
- from student
- where Sdept in (
- select Sdept
- from student
- where Sname='王敏'
- );
【例】查询不与王敏同学不在同一个系的学生信息。
- select *
- from student
- where Sdept not in (
- select Sdept
- from student
- whereSname='王敏'
- );
【例】查询选修了课程名是“信息系统”的学生学号和姓名。
- select student.Sno as 学号, Sname as 姓名
- from student,SC
- where student.Sno=SC.Sno and Cno in (
- select Cno
- from course
- where Cname='信息系统'
- )
【例】查询曾与刘晨一同上课的学生学号和姓名。(假设:一个课程只有一个上课班)
- select distinct student.Sno as 学号, Sname as 姓名
- from student,SC
- where student.Sno=SC.Sno and Cno in (
- select Cno
- from SC,student
- where SC.Sno=student.Sno and student.Sno in (
- select Sno
- from student
- where student.Sname='刘晨'
- )
- )
- 内层in 查出刘晨的学号sno,外层in查出刘晨所上课程的课程号。
(2)带有比较运算符的子查询(=,>=,<=,<>或!=)
【例】查询与王敏同学在同一个系的所有学生信息 (=判断)
- select *
- from student
- where Sdept=(
- select Sdept
- from student
- where Sname='王敏'
- )
【例】查询每个学生超过该课程最低分的课程号。(同类课程不是最低分的),子查询的结果返回一个数的时候,这个子查询就可以当一个数用?可以使用in符号,或者大于小于符号。
- select Cno
- from SC a
- where Grade> (
- select min(Grade)
- from SC b
- where a.Cno=b.Cno
- )
【例】查询每个学生超过他选修课程平均成绩的课程号。
- select Cno
- from SC a
- where Grade> (
- select avg(Grade)
- from SC b
- where a.Sno=b.Sno
- )
(3)带有ANY或ALL谓词的子查询
- ANY表示任何一个,ALL表示所有,可以用在子查询的括号前面
【例】查询其他系中比计算机系某一学生年龄小的学生姓名,性别、年龄和所在系。
- select Sname as 姓名,Ssex as 性别, Sage as 年龄, Sdept as 所在系
- from student
- where Sage <(
- select Sage
- from student
- where Sdept='CS'
- );
【例】查询其他系中比计算机系所有年龄都小的学生姓名和年龄。
- select Sname as 姓名, Sage as 年龄
- from student
- where Sdept<>'CS' and Sage <ALL (
- select Sage
- from student
- where Sdept='CS'
- );
(4 )带有Exists谓词的子查询
【例】查询所有选修了1号课程的学生姓名。
- select Sname as 姓名
- from student
- where Exists (
- select *
- from SC
- where Cno=1 and Sno=Student.Sno
- );
4、集合查询
(1)并UNION
【例】 查询计算机系的学生及年龄不大于19岁的学生详细信息。
- select *
- from student
- where student.Sdept='CS'
- union
- select *
- from student
- where student.Sage<=19;
(2)交INTERSECT
【例】查询选修了1号课程的与年龄不大于19岁的 学生 详细信息 的交集。
- Select *
- from student,SC
- where student.Sno=SC.Sno and SC.Cno=1
- INTERSECT
- Select *
- from student
- where student.Sage<=19;
(3)差EXCEPT
【例】查询计算机科学系的学生与年龄不大于19岁的学生详细信息的差集。
- select *
- from student
- where student.Sdept='SC'
- EXCEPT
- select *
- from student
- where student.Sage<=19;