综合概述
JPA是Java Persistence API的简称,是一套Sun官方提出的Java持久化规范。其设计目标主要是为了简化现有的持久化开发工作和整合ORM技术,它为Java开发人员提供了一种ORM工具来管理Java应用中的关系数据。 简而言之,JPA提供了使用面向对象的方式操作数据库的功能。JPA充分吸收了现有Hibernate,TopLink,JDO等ORM框架的优势,具有易于使用、伸缩性强等优点。
Spring Data JPA是Spring基于Spring Data框架对于JPA规范的一套具体实现方案,使用Spring Data JPA可以极大地简化JPA 的写法,几乎可以在不写具体实现的情况下完成对数据库的操作,并且除了基础的CRUD操作外,Spring Data JPA还提供了诸如分页和排序等常用功能的实现方案。合理的使用Spring Data JPA可以极大的提高我们的日常开发效率和有效的降低项目开发成本。
实现案例
接下来,我们就通过实际案例来讲解Spring Data JPA的整合,以及提供JPA相关操作的一些示例。
生成项目模板
为方便我们初始化项目,Spring Boot给我们提供一个项目模板生成网站。
1. 打开浏览器,访问:https://start.spring.io/
2. 根据页面提示,选择构建工具,开发语言,项目信息等。
3. 点击 Generate the project,生成项目模板,生成之后会将压缩包下载到本地。
4. 使用IDE导入项目,我这里使用Eclipse,通过导入Maven项目的方式导入。
添加相关依赖
清理掉不需要的测试类及测试依赖,添加 Maven 相关依赖,这里需要添加上WEB和Swagger和JPA的依赖,Swagger的添加是为了方便接口测试。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1..RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.louis.springboot</groupId>
<artifactId>demo</artifactId>
<version>0.0.-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>demo</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties> <dependencies>
<!-- web -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- swagger -->
<dependency>
<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
<artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
<version>2.9.</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
<artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
<version>2.9.</version>
</dependency>
<!-- jpa -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- mysql -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies> <build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
<!-- 打包时拷贝MyBatis的映射文件 -->
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/java</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/sqlmap/*.xml</include>
</includes>
<filtering>false</filtering>
</resource>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.*</include>
</includes>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
</resources>
</build> </project>
添加相关配置
1.添加数据源配置
将application.properties文件改名为application.yml ,并在其中添加MySQL数据源连接信息。
注意:
这里需要首先创建一个MySQL数据库,并输入自己的用户名和密码。这里的数据库是springboot。
另外,如果你使用的是MySQL 5.x及以前版本,驱动配置driverClassName是com.mysql.jdbc.Driver。
application.yml
server:
port:
spring:
datasource:
driverClassName: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/springboot?useUnicode=true&zeroDateTimeBehavior=convertToNull&autoReconnect=true&characterEncoding=utf-8
username: root
password:
jpa:
show-sql: true # 默认false,在日志里显示执行的sql语句
database: mysql
hibernate.ddl-auto: update #指定为update,每次启动项目检测表结构有变化的时候会新增字段,表不存在时会新建,如果指定create,则每次启动项目都会清空数据并删除表,再新建
properties.hibernate.dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect
database-platform: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect
hibernate:
naming:
implicit-strategy: org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.ImplicitNamingStrategyLegacyJpaImpl #指定jpa的自动表生成策略,驼峰自动映射为下划线格式
#physical-strategy: org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl
2. 添加swagger 配置
添加一个swagger 配置类,在工程下新建 config 包并添加一个 SwaggerConfig 配置类。
SwaggerConfig.java
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import springfox.documentation.builders.ApiInfoBuilder;
import springfox.documentation.builders.PathSelectors;
import springfox.documentation.builders.RequestHandlerSelectors;
import springfox.documentation.service.ApiInfo;
import springfox.documentation.spi.DocumentationType;
import springfox.documentation.spring.web.plugins.Docket;
import springfox.documentation.swagger2.annotations.EnableSwagger2; @Configuration
@EnableSwagger2
public class SwaggerConfig { @Bean
public Docket createRestApi(){
return new Docket(DocumentationType.SWAGGER_2).apiInfo(apiInfo())
.select()
.apis(RequestHandlerSelectors.any())
.paths(PathSelectors.any()).build();
} private ApiInfo apiInfo(){
return new ApiInfoBuilder()
.title("SpringBoot API Doc")
.description("This is a restful api document of Spring Boot.")
.version("1.0")
.build();
} }
编写业务代码
首先,编写一个实体类,并添加相关注解,具体注解说明参见代码。
SysUser.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.model; import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Index;
import javax.persistence.Table; @Entity // @Entity: 实体类, 必须
// @Table: 对应数据库中的表, 必须, name=表名, Indexes是声明表里的索引, columnList是索引的列, 同时声明此索引列是否唯一, 默认false
@Table(name = "sys_user", indexes = {@Index(name = "id", columnList = "id", unique = true), @Index(name = "name", columnList = "name", unique = true)})
public class SysUser { @Id // @Id: 指明id列, 必须
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) // @GeneratedValue: 表明是否自动生成, 必须, strategy也是必写, 指明主键生成策略, 默认是Oracle
private Long id; @Column(name = "name", nullable = false) // @Column: 对应数据库列名,可选, nullable 是否可以为空, 默认true
private String name; private String password; private String email; public Long getId() {
return id;
} public void setId(Long id) {
this.id = id;
} public String getName() {
return name;
} public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
} public String getPassword() {
return password;
} public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
} public String getEmail() {
return email;
} public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
} }
然后,编写一个SysUserDao并继承JpaRepository,由此我们已经继承了大部分可用的CURD操作,针对基础操作,DAO完全不用写任何方法。
SysUserDao.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.dao; import java.io.Serializable; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser; public interface SysUserDao extends JpaRepository<SysUser, Long>, Serializable { }
使用Spring Data JPA,可以通过两种方式使用 JPA 进行数据持久化。
方式一:使用Spring Data JPA 提供的接口默认实现,如上面我们的DAO实现。
方式二:自定义符合Spring Data JPA规则的查询方法,由框架将其自动解析为SQL。
Spring Data JPA提供了一些实现了基本的数据库操作的接口类,这些接口和类的关系如下。
其中CrudRepository是顶层CURD接口,提供了一些简单的增删查改功能,接口定义如下。
CrudRepository.java
package org.springframework.data.repository; import java.util.Optional; /**
* Interface for generic CRUD operations on a repository for a specific type.
* @author Oliver Gierke
* @author Eberhard Wolff
*/
@NoRepositoryBean
public interface CrudRepository<T, ID> extends Repository<T, ID> { /**
* Saves a given entity. Use the returned instance for further operations as the save operation might have changed the
* entity instance completely.
*
* @param entity must not be {@literal null}.
* @return the saved entity will never be {@literal null}.
*/
<S extends T> S save(S entity); /**
* Saves all given entities.
*
* @param entities must not be {@literal null}.
* @return the saved entities will never be {@literal null}.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given entity is {@literal null}.
*/
<S extends T> Iterable<S> saveAll(Iterable<S> entities); /**
* Retrieves an entity by its id.
*
* @param id must not be {@literal null}.
* @return the entity with the given id or {@literal Optional#empty()} if none found
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code id} is {@literal null}.
*/
Optional<T> findById(ID id); /**
* Returns whether an entity with the given id exists.
*
* @param id must not be {@literal null}.
* @return {@literal true} if an entity with the given id exists, {@literal false} otherwise.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code id} is {@literal null}.
*/
boolean existsById(ID id); /**
* Returns all instances of the type.
*
* @return all entities
*/
Iterable<T> findAll(); /**
* Returns all instances of the type with the given IDs.
*
* @param ids
* @return
*/
Iterable<T> findAllById(Iterable<ID> ids); /**
* Returns the number of entities available.
*
* @return the number of entities
*/
long count(); /**
* Deletes the entity with the given id.
*
* @param id must not be {@literal null}.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given {@code id} is {@literal null}
*/
void deleteById(ID id); /**
* Deletes a given entity.
*
* @param entity
* @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given entity is {@literal null}.
*/
void delete(T entity); /**
* Deletes the given entities.
*
* @param entities
* @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given {@link Iterable} is {@literal null}.
*/
void deleteAll(Iterable<? extends T> entities); /**
* Deletes all entities managed by the repository.
*/
void deleteAll();
}
PagingAndSortingRepository在继承了CrudRepository基础上实现了排序和分页的方法。
PagingAndSortingRepository.java
package org.springframework.data.repository; import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Pageable;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Sort; /**
* Extension of {@link CrudRepository} to provide additional methods to retrieve entities using the pagination and
* sorting abstraction.
*
* @author Oliver Gierke
* @see Sort
* @see Pageable
* @see Page
*/
@NoRepositoryBean
public interface PagingAndSortingRepository<T, ID> extends CrudRepository<T, ID> { /**
* Returns all entities sorted by the given options.
*
* @param sort
* @return all entities sorted by the given options
*/
Iterable<T> findAll(Sort sort); /**
* Returns a {@link Page} of entities meeting the paging restriction provided in the {@code Pageable} object.
*
* @param pageable
* @return a page of entities
*/
Page<T> findAll(Pageable pageable);
}
JpaRepository又在继承PagingAndSortingRepository的基础上,同时继承了QueryByExampleExecutor接口,使其拥有了匹配指定样例查询的能力。
JpaRepository.java
package org.springframework.data.jpa.repository; import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Example;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Sort;
import org.springframework.data.repository.NoRepositoryBean;
import org.springframework.data.repository.PagingAndSortingRepository;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.QueryByExampleExecutor; /**
* JPA specific extension of {@link org.springframework.data.repository.Repository}.
*
* @author Oliver Gierke
* @author Christoph Strobl
* @author Mark Paluch
*/
@NoRepositoryBean
public interface JpaRepository<T, ID> extends PagingAndSortingRepository<T, ID>, QueryByExampleExecutor<T> { /*
* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository#findAll()
*/
List<T> findAll(); /*
* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.springframework.data.repository.PagingAndSortingRepository#findAll(org.springframework.data.domain.Sort)
*/
List<T> findAll(Sort sort); /*
* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository#findAll(java.lang.Iterable)
*/
List<T> findAllById(Iterable<ID> ids); /*
* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository#save(java.lang.Iterable)
*/
<S extends T> List<S> saveAll(Iterable<S> entities); /**
* Flushes all pending changes to the database.
*/
void flush(); /**
* Saves an entity and flushes changes instantly.
*
* @param entity
* @return the saved entity
*/
<S extends T> S saveAndFlush(S entity); /**
* Deletes the given entities in a batch which means it will create a single {@link Query}. Assume that we will clear
* the {@link javax.persistence.EntityManager} after the call.
*
* @param entities
*/
void deleteInBatch(Iterable<T> entities); /**
* Deletes all entities in a batch call.
*/
void deleteAllInBatch(); /**
* Returns a reference to the entity with the given identifier. Depending on how the JPA persistence provider is
* implemented this is very likely to always return an instance and throw an
* {@link javax.persistence.EntityNotFoundException} on first access. Some of them will reject invalid identifiers
* immediately.
*
* @param id must not be {@literal null}.
* @return a reference to the entity with the given identifier.
* @see EntityManager#getReference(Class, Object) for details on when an exception is thrown.
*/
T getOne(ID id); /*
* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.springframework.data.repository.query.QueryByExampleExecutor#findAll(org.springframework.data.domain.Example)
*/
@Override
<S extends T> List<S> findAll(Example<S> example); /*
* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.springframework.data.repository.query.QueryByExampleExecutor#findAll(org.springframework.data.domain.Example, org.springframework.data.domain.Sort)
*/
@Override
<S extends T> List<S> findAll(Example<S> example, Sort sort);
}
上面因为我们的SysUserDao直接继承了JpaRepository,所以上述所有的接口SysUserDao都是可以直接使用的,当然,除了可以直接使用默认提供的基础接口外,Spring Data JPA还允许我们自定义查询方法,对于符合以下命名规则的方法,Spring Data JPA能够根据其方法名为其自动生成SQL,除了使用示例中的 find 关键字,还支持的关键字有:query、get、read、count、delete等。
只要按照以下命名规范的定义的方法,Spring Data JPA都能够帮我们自动生成SQL,无需自己实现。
接着编写一个服务接口,添加用户保存、删除、查询全部和分页查询的方法。
SysUserService.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.service;
import java.util.List;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.util.PageQuery; public interface SysUserService { /**
* 保存用户
* @param user
*/
public void save(SysUser user); /**
* 删除用户
* @param id
*/
public void delete(SysUser user); /**
* 查询全部用户
* @return
*/
public List<SysUser> findAll(); /**
* 查询分页数据
* @return
*/
public Object findPage(PageQuery pageQuery); }
继续编写服务实现类并调用DAO实现相应功能,以下DAO方法都是继承而来的,除此之后,JPA还提供了大量的API可用。
SysUserServiceImpl.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.service.impl;
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.data.domain.PageRequest;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.dao.SysUserDao;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.service.SysUserService;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.util.PageQuery; @Service
public class SysUserServiceImpl implements SysUserService { @Autowired
private SysUserDao sysUserDao; @Override
public void save(SysUser user) {
sysUserDao.save(user);
} @Override
public void delete(SysUser user) {
sysUserDao.delete(user);
} @Override
public List<SysUser> findAll() {
return sysUserDao.findAll();
} @Override
public Object findPage(PageQuery pageQuery) {
return sysUserDao.findAll(PageRequest.of(pageQuery.getPage(), pageQuery.getSize()));
} }
接着编写一个用户控制器,调用服务接口实现对应功能。
SysUserController.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.controller;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.service.SysUserService;
import com.louis.springboot.demo.util.PageQuery; @RestController
@RequestMapping("user")
public class SysUserController { @Autowired
private SysUserService sysUserService; @PostMapping(value="/save")
public Object save(@RequestBody SysUser user) {
sysUserService.save(user);
return ;
} @PostMapping(value="/delete")
public Object delete(@RequestBody SysUser user) {
sysUserService.delete(user);
return ;
} @GetMapping(value="/findAll")
public Object findAll() {
return sysUserService.findAll();
} @PostMapping(value="/findPage")
public Object findPage(@RequestBody PageQuery pageQuery) {
return sysUserService.findPage(pageQuery);
} }
上面对分页请求进行了简单的封装,主要包含查询页码和每页数量两个属性。
PageQuery.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.util; public class PageQuery { private int page;
private int size; public int getPage() {
return page;
}
public void setPage(int page) {
this.page = page;
}
public int getSize() {
return size;
}
public void setSize(int size) {
this.size = size;
} }
编译测试运行
1. 右键项目 -> Run as -> Maven install,开始执行Maven构建,第一次会下载Maven依赖,可能需要点时间,如果出现如下信息,就说明项目编译打包成功了。
2. 打开数据库,创建一个springboot数据库,然后右键文件 DemoApplication.java -> Run as -> Java Application,开始启动应用,如果一开始数据库没有对应的表,在应用启动时会创建,我们可以通过控制台查看到对应的SQL语句。
3. 打开浏览器,访问:http://localhost:8080/swagger-ui.html,进入swagger接口文档界面。
4. 首先访问findAll接口,此时并没有数据,所以返回结果为空。
然后调用save接口,分别插入以下三条数据。
{ "id": ,
"name": "",
"email": "111@qq.com",
"password": ""
}
{ "id": ,
"name": "",
"email": "222@qq.com",
"password": ""
}
{ "id": ,
"name": "",
"email": "333@qq.com",
"password": ""
}
接着回来继续调用findAll接口,可以看到我们已经成功的插入了三条数据。
接着测试分页查询接口findPage,输入{ "page": 0, "size": 2 },标识查询第一页,每页显示两条记录,下面返回正确的分页查询数据。
最后我们测试一下删除接口delete,删除掉id为1的数据,再次调用findAll接口,我们发现目标记录已经成功被删除。
参考资料
项目主页:https://spring.io/projects/spring-data-jpa
参考文档:https://docs.spring.io/spring-data/jpa/docs/current/reference/html/
网上资料:http://www.360doc.com/content/17/0801/09/16915_675758662.shtml
网上资料:https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-cn-spring-jpa/index.html
相关导航
源码下载
码云:https://gitee.com/liuge1988/spring-boot-demo.git
作者:朝雨忆轻尘
出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/xifengxiaoma/
版权所有,欢迎转载,转载请注明原文作者及出处。