接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

2022-11-25 08:20:00

https请求

https协议（Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol）：

安全超文本传输协议， HTTPS以保密为目标研发，简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、身份认证的网络协议，其安全基础是SSL协议，因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP，但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层（在HTTP与TCP之间）。

HTTPS和HTTP的区别：

一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书，一般免费证书很少，需要交费。

二、 http是超文本传输协议，信息是明文传输， https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。

三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式，用的端口也不一样，前者是80，后者是443。

四、 http的连接很简单，是无状态的； HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、身份认证的网络协议，比http协议安全。

https访问博客园中的新闻页面，实现代码如下：

 package com.httpclient;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import java.security.KeyManagementException;

 import java.security.KeyStoreException;

 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;

 import java.security.cert.CertificateException;

 import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;

 import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;

 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;

 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;

 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

 public class yihuqingjiu_https {

     public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){

         try {

                 SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){

                 //信任所有

                 public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{

                 return true;

                 }

             }).build();

             SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext);

             return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();

             } catch (KeyManagementException e) {

                 e.printStackTrace();

             } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {

                 e.printStackTrace();

             } catch (KeyStoreException e) {

                 e.printStackTrace();

             }

             return HttpClients.createDefault();

             }

     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

         CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault();

         HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/");

         CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg);

         HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

         String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8");

         System.out.println(content);

         hp.close();

     }

 }

若不添加信任，createSSLClientDefault()方法，会访问失败

代理设置

代理，也称网络代理，是一种特殊的网络服务，允许一个网络终端（一般为客户端）通过这个服务与另一个网络终端（一般为服务器）进行非直接的连接。一些网关、路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全，防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候，出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。

fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1：8888，但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例，但在fiddler中抓取不到，这就需要进行代理设置了。

代码实现如下：

 package com.httpclient;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

 public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy {

     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

         //创建httpclient对象

         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

         //代理对象

         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");

         //配置对象

         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();

         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url

         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");

         //使用配置

         httpget.setConfig(config);

         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);

         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();

         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

         System.out.println(content);

         httpClient.close();

     }

 }

请求头设置

有很多服务器，会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器，若不是浏览器，会拒绝访问，所以就需要设置请求头

当我们打开一个网页时，浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头，然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求，响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、请求头、响应头和实体头四个部分。每个头域由一个域名，冒号（:）和域值三部分组成。

部分请求头属性介绍：

accept：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它所支持的数据类型。如： text/html,image/jpeg

accept-Charset：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它支持哪种字符集

accept-encoding：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它支持哪种压缩格式

accept-language：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它的语言环境

host：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它想访问哪台主机

Connection：表示客户端与服务连接类型

User-Agent（用户代理），简称 UA，它是一个特殊字符串头，使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、浏览器及版本、浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、浏览器插件等

首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处

httpclient访问：

浏览器访问：

可以很清楚的看出，各自的请求头不同

设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法：

第一种实现代码如下

package com.httpclient;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

public class yihuqingjiu_header {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

        //创建httpclient对象

        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

        //代理对象

        HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");

        //配置对象

        RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();

        //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url

        HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");

        //使用配置

        httpget.setConfig(config);

        //设置请求头

        httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");

        httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");

        httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");

        httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36");

        CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);

        HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();

        String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

        System.out.println(content);

        httpClient.close();

    }

}

然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息，和浏览器访问一样了，如下图所示：

第二中实现方式，创建代理对象，代码如下：

 package com.httpclient;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

 import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

 import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;

 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

 import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;

 public class yihuqingjiu_header1 {

     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

         //创建httpclient对象

         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

         //代理对象

         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");

         //配置对象

         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();

         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url

         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");

         //使用配置

         httpget.setConfig(config);

         //设置请求头,对象实现

         BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");

         httpget.setHeader(a);

         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);

         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();

         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

         System.out.println(content);

         httpClient.close();

     }

 }

第三种实现方式，数组实现，代码如下：

package com.httpclient;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;

import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;

public class yihuqingjiu_header2 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

        //创建httpclient对象

        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

        //代理对象

        HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");

        //配置对象

        RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();

        //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url

        HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");

        //使用配置

        httpget.setConfig(config);

        //设置请求头，数组实现

        BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2];

        //写法1

        //BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");

        //header[0]=a;

        //写法2

        header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");

        header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");

        httpget.setHeaders(header);

        CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);

        HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();

        String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

        System.out.println(content);

        httpClient.close();

    }

}

获取状态码

可以获取Headers中的信息，也就是Headers中的第一行数据，获取状态码实现代码如下：

 package com.httpclient;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

 public class yihuqingjiu_response1 {

     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

         //创建httpclient对象

         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

         //代理对象

         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");

         //配置对象

         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();

         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url

         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");

         //使用配置

         httpget.setConfig(config);

         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);

         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();

         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

         System.out.println(content);

         System.out.println("------------------------------------");

         //获取响应状态码

         int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();

         System.out.println("code:"+code);

         String a = response.getStatusLine().toString();

         System.out.println("a:"+a);

         httpClient.close();

     }

 }

接收响应头

响应头也是Headers中的内容，如下图所示：

实现代码如下所示，里面包含多种实现方式，但输出的内容都差不多

 package com.httpclient;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import org.apache.http.Header;

 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;

 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

 public class yihuqingjiu_response {

     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {

         //创建httpclient对象

         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

         //代理对象

         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");

         //配置对象

         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();

         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url

         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");

         //使用配置

         httpget.setConfig(config);

         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);

         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();

         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

         System.out.println(content);

         System.out.println("------------------------------------");

         //接收响应头

         //获取一个响应头，first和last两个方法指的是，当里面有两个一样的响应时，就去第一个或最后一个

         String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString();

         System.out.println(server);

         //获取所有响应头

         Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders();

         //遍历输出所有

         for(Header as:header){

             System.out.println(as.toString());

         }

         System.out.println("------------------------------------");

         //输出name

         for(Header name:header){

             System.out.println(name.getName());

         }

         System.out.println("------------------------------------");

         //输出value

         for(Header value:header){

             System.out.println(value.getValue());

         }

         //输出第一个

         //System.out.println(header[0].toString());

         //输出数组大小

         Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server");

         System.out.println(ha.length);

         httpClient.close();

     }

 }

遍历输出所有响应头内容，如下所示：

码农公寓

接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

目录

https请求

代理设置

请求头设置

获取状态码

接收响应头

码农公寓

目录

https请求

代理设置

请求头设置

获取状态码

接收响应头

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