Android中Context的作用以及Context的详细用法
本文我们一起来探讨一下关于Android中Context的作用以及Context的详细用法，这对我们学习Android的资源访问有很大的帮助，文章中也贴出了一些关于Android Context使用的示例代码，非常不错，以下是原文：
Context基本概念
Context是什么?
1) Context是一个抽象类，其通用实现在ContextImpl类中。
2) Context：是一个访问application环境全局信息的接口，通过它可以访问application的资源和相关的类，其主要功能如下：
启动Activity
启动和停止Service
发送广播消息(Intent)
注册广播消息(Intent)接收者
可以访问APK中各种资源(如Resources和AssetManager等)
可以访问Package的相关信息
APK的各种权限管理
从以上分析可以看出，Context就是一个对APK包无所不知的大管家，大家需要什么，直接问它就可以了。
Context与View的关系
View与Context(或Activity)的关系类似于明星与经纪人的关系，所以创建View时，必须明确指定其Context(即经纪人或大管家)，否则View就成不了明星。
Context家族关系
Context关键函数
public abstract class Context {
// 获取应用程序包的AssetManager实例
public abstract AssetManager getAssets();
// 获取应用程序包的Resources实例
public abstract Resources getResources();
// 获取PackageManager实例，以查看全局package信息
public abstract PackageManager getPackageManager();
// 获取应用程序包的ContentResolver实例
public abstract ContentResolver getContentResolver();
// 它返回当前进程的主线程的Looper，此线程分发调用给应用组件(activities, services等)
public abstract Looper getMainLooper();
// 返回当前进程的单实例全局Application对象的Context
public abstract Context getApplicationContext();
// 从string表中获取本地化的、格式化的字符序列
public final CharSequence getText(int resId) {
return getResources().getText(resId);
}
// 从string表中获取本地化的字符串
public final String getString(int resId) {
return getResources().getString(resId);
}
public final String getString(int resId, Object... formatArgs) {
return getResources().getString(resId, formatArgs);
}
// 返回一个可用于获取包中类信息的class loader
public abstract ClassLoader getClassLoader();
// 返回应用程序包名
public abstract String getPackageName();
// 返回应用程序信息
public abstract ApplicationInfo getApplicationInfo();
// 根据文件名获取SharedPreferences
public abstract SharedPreferences getSharedPreferences(String name,
int mode);
// 其根目录为: Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory()
/*
* @param type The type of files directory to return. May be null for
* the root of the files directory or one of
* the following Environment constants for a subdirectory:
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_MUSIC},
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_PODCASTS},
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_RINGTONES},
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_ALARMS},
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_NOTIFICATIONS},
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_PICTURES}, or
* {@link android.os.Environment#DIRECTORY_MOVIES}.
*/
public abstract File getExternalFilesDir(String type);
// 返回应用程序obb文件路径
public abstract File getObbDir();
// 启动一个新的activity
public abstract void startActivity(Intent intent);
// 启动一个新的activity
public void startActivityAsUser(Intent intent, UserHandle user) {
throw new RuntimeException("Not implemented. Must override in a subclass.");
}
// 启动一个新的activity
// intent: 将被启动的activity的描述信息
// options: 描述activity将如何被启动
public abstract void startActivity(Intent intent, Bundle options);
// 启动多个新的activity
public abstract void startActivities(Intent[] intents);
// 启动多个新的activity
public abstract void startActivities(Intent[] intents, Bundle options);
// 广播一个intent给所有感兴趣的接收者，异步机制
public abstract void sendBroadcast(Intent intent);
// 广播一个intent给所有感兴趣的接收者，异步机制
public abstract void sendBroadcast(Intent intent,String receiverPermission);
public abstract void sendOrderedBroadcast(Intent intent,String receiverPermission);
public abstract void sendOrderedBroadcast(Intent intent,
String receiverPermission, BroadcastReceiver resultReceiver,
Handler scheduler, int initialCode, String initialData,
Bundle initialExtras);
public abstract void sendBroadcastAsUser(Intent intent, UserHandle user);
public abstract void sendBroadcastAsUser(Intent intent, UserHandle user,
String receiverPermission);
// 注册一个BroadcastReceiver，且它将在主activity线程中运行
public abstract Intent registerReceiver(BroadcastReceiver receiver,
IntentFilter filter);
public abstract Intent registerReceiver(BroadcastReceiver receiver,
IntentFilter filter, String broadcastPermission, Handler scheduler);
public abstract void unregisterReceiver(BroadcastReceiver receiver);
// 请求启动一个application service
public abstract ComponentName startService(Intent service);
// 请求停止一个application service
public abstract boolean stopService(Intent service);
// 连接一个应用服务，它定义了application和service间的依赖关系
public abstract boolean bindService(Intent service, ServiceConnection conn,
int flags);
// 断开一个应用服务，当服务重新开始时，将不再接收到调用，
// 且服务允许随时停止
public abstract void unbindService(ServiceConnection conn);
// 返回系统级service句柄
/*
* @see #WINDOW_SERVICE
* @see android.view.WindowManager
* @see #LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE
* @see android.view.LayoutInflater
* @see #ACTIVITY_SERVICE
* @see android.app.ActivityManager
* @see #POWER_SERVICE
* @see android.os.PowerManager
* @see #ALARM_SERVICE
* @see android.app.AlarmManager
* @see #NOTIFICATION_SERVICE
* @see android.app.NotificationManager
* @see #KEYGUARD_SERVICE
* @see android.app.KeyguardManager
* @see #LOCATION_SERVICE
* @see android.location.LocationManager
* @see #SEARCH_SERVICE
* @see android.app.SearchManager
* @see #SENSOR_SERVICE
* @see android.hardware.SensorManager
* @see #STORAGE_SERVICE
* @see android.os.storage.StorageManager
* @see #VIBRATOR_SERVICE
* @see android.os.Vibrator
* @see #CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE
* @see android.net.ConnectivityManager
* @see #WIFI_SERVICE
* @see android.net.wifi.WifiManager
* @see #AUDIO_SERVICE
* @see android.media.AudioManager
* @see #MEDIA_ROUTER_SERVICE
* @see android.media.MediaRouter
* @see #TELEPHONY_SERVICE
* @see android.telephony.TelephonyManager
* @see #INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE
* @see android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodManager
* @see #UI_MODE_SERVICE
* @see android.app.UiModeManager
* @see #DOWNLOAD_SERVICE
* @see android.app.DownloadManager
*/
public abstract Object getSystemService(String name);
public abstract int checkPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid);
// 返回一个新的与application name对应的Context对象
public abstract Context createPackageContext(String packageName,
int flags) throws PackageManager.NameNotFoundException;
// 返回基于当前Context对象的新对象，其资源与display相匹配
public abstract Context createDisplayContext(Display display);
}
ContextImpl关键成员和函数
/**
* Common implementation of Context API, which provides the base
* context object for Activity and other application components.
*/
class ContextImpl extends Context {
private final static String TAG = "ContextImpl";
private final static boolean DEBUG = false; private static final HashMap<String, SharedPreferencesImpl> sSharedPrefs =
new HashMap<String, SharedPreferencesImpl>(); /*package*/ LoadedApk mPackageInfo; // 关键数据成员
private String mBasePackageName;
private Resources mResources;
/*package*/ ActivityThread mMainThread; // 主线程 @Override
public AssetManager getAssets() {
return getResources().getAssets();
} @Override
public Looper getMainLooper() {
return mMainThread.getLooper();
} @Override
public Object getSystemService(String name) {
ServiceFetcher fetcher = SYSTEM_SERVICE_MAP.get(name);
return fetcher == null ? null : fetcher.getService(this);
} @Override
public void startActivity(Intent intent, Bundle options) {
warnIfCallingFromSystemProcess();
if ((intent.getFlags()&Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK) == 0) {
throw new AndroidRuntimeException(
"Calling startActivity() from outside of an Activity "
+ " context requires the FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK flag."
+ " Is this really what you want?");
}
mMainThread.getInstrumentation().execStartActivity(
getOuterContext(), mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), null,
(Activity)null, intent, -1, options);
}
}
ContextWrapper
它只是对Context类的一种封装，它的构造函数包含了一个真正的Context引用，即ContextImpl对象。
/**
* Proxying implementation of Context that simply delegates all of its calls to
* another Context. Can be subclassed to modify behavior without changing
* the original Context.
*/
public class ContextWrapper extends Context {
Context mBase; //该属性指向一个ContextIml实例 public ContextWrapper(Context base) {
mBase = base;
} /**
* Set the base context for this ContextWrapper. All calls will then be
* delegated to the base context. Throws
* IllegalStateException if a base context has already been set.
*
* @param base The new base context for this wrapper.
* 创建Application、Service、Activity，会调用该方法给mBase属性赋值
*/
protected void attachBaseContext(Context base) {
if (mBase != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Base context already set");
}
mBase = base;
} @Override
public Looper getMainLooper() {
return mBase.getMainLooper();
} @Override
public Object getSystemService(String name) {
return mBase.getSystemService(name);
} @Override
public void startActivity(Intent intent) {
mBase.startActivity(intent);
}
}
ContextThemeWrapper
该类内部包含了主题(Theme)相关的接口，即android:theme属性指定的。只有Activity需要主题，Service不需要主题，所以Service直接继承于ContextWrapper类。
/**
* A ContextWrapper that allows you to modify the theme from what is in the
* wrapped context.
*/
public class ContextThemeWrapper extends ContextWrapper {
private Context mBase;
private int mThemeResource;
private Resources.Theme mTheme;
private LayoutInflater mInflater;
private Configuration mOverrideConfiguration;
private Resources mResources; public ContextThemeWrapper() {
super(null);
} public ContextThemeWrapper(Context base, int themeres) {
super(base);
mBase = base;
mThemeResource = themeres;
} @Override protected void attachBaseContext(Context newBase) {
super.attachBaseContext(newBase);
mBase = newBase;
} @Override public void setTheme(int resid) {
mThemeResource = resid;
initializeTheme();
} @Override public Resources.Theme getTheme() {
if (mTheme != null) {
return mTheme;
} mThemeResource = Resources.selectDefaultTheme(mThemeResource,
getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion);
initializeTheme(); return mTheme;
}
}
何时创建Context
应用程序在以下几种情况下创建Context实例：
1) 创建Application 对象时， 而且整个App共一个Application对象
2) 创建Service对象时
3) 创建Activity对象时
因此应用程序App共有的Context数目公式为：
总Context实例个数 = Service个数 + Activity个数 + 1（Application对应的Context实例）
ActivityThread消息处理函数与本节相关的内容如下：
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, ">>> handling: " + codeToString(msg.what));
switch (msg.what) {
case LAUNCH_ACTIVITY: { // 创建Activity对象
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStart");
ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord)msg.obj;
r.packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
r.activityInfo.applicationInfo, r.compatInfo);
handleLaunchActivity(r, null);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
} break;
case BIND_APPLICATION: // 创建Application对象
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "bindApplication");
AppBindData data = (AppBindData)msg.obj;
handleBindApplication(data);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
case CREATE_SERVICE: // 创建Service对象
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceCreate");
handleCreateService((CreateServiceData)msg.obj);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
case BIND_SERVICE: // Bind Service对象
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceBind");
handleBindService((BindServiceData)msg.obj);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
}
}
创建Application对象时创建Context实例
每个应用程序在第一次启动时，都会首先创建一个Application对象。从startActivity流程可知，创建Application的时机在handleBindApplication()方法中，该函数位于 ActivityThread.java类中 ，相关代码如下：
// ActivityThread.java
private void handleBindApplication(AppBindData data) {
try {
// If the app is being launched for full backup or restore, bring it up in
// a restricted environment with the base application class.
Application app = data.info.makeApplication(data.restrictedBackupMode, null);
mInitialApplication = app;
...
} finally {
StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
}
} // LoadedApk.java
public Application makeApplication(boolean forceDefaultAppClass,
Instrumentation instrumentation) {
if (mApplication != null) {
return mApplication;
} Application app = null; String appClass = mApplicationInfo.className;
if (forceDefaultAppClass || (appClass == null)) {
appClass = "android.app.Application";
} try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
ContextImpl appContext = new ContextImpl(); // 创建ContextImpl实例
appContext.init(this, null, mActivityThread);
app = mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.newApplication(
cl, appClass, appContext);
appContext.setOuterContext(app); // 将Application实例传递给Context实例
} catch (Exception e) {
...
}
mActivityThread.mAllApplications.add(app);
mApplication = app; return app;
}
private Context createBaseContextForActivity(ActivityClientRecord r,
final Activity activity) {
ContextImpl appContext = new ContextImpl(); // 创建ContextImpl实例
appContext.init(r.packageInfo, r.token, this);
appContext.setOuterContext(activity); // For debugging purposes, if the activity's package name contains the value of
// the "debug.use-second-display" system property as a substring, then show
// its content on a secondary display if there is one.
Context baseContext = appContext;
String pkgName = SystemProperties.get("debug.second-display.pkg");
if (pkgName != null && !pkgName.isEmpty()
&& r.packageInfo.mPackageName.contains(pkgName)) {
DisplayManagerGlobal dm = DisplayManagerGlobal.getInstance();
for (int displayId : dm.getDisplayIds()) {
if (displayId != Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY) {
Display display = dm.getRealDisplay(displayId);
baseContext = appContext.createDisplayContext(display);
break;
}
}
}
return baseContext;
}
创建Service对象时创建Context实例
通过startService或者bindService时，如果系统检测到需要新创建一个Service实例，就会回调handleCreateService()方法，完成相关数据操作。handleCreateService()函数位于 ActivityThread.java类，如下：
private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
// If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
// we are back active so skip it.
unscheduleGcIdler();
LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
Service service = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
try {
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Creating service " + data.info.name);
ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(); // 创建ContextImpl实例
context.init(packageInfo, null, this);
Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
context.setOuterContext(service);
service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault());
service.onCreate();
mServices.put(data.token, service);
try {
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().serviceDoneExecuting(
data.token, 0, 0, 0);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
// nothing to do.
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
// If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
// we are back active so skip it.
unscheduleGcIdler();
LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
Service service = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
try {
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Creating service " + data.info.name);
ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(); // 创建ContextImpl实例
context.init(packageInfo, null, this);
Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
context.setOuterContext(service);
service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault());
service.onCreate();
mServices.put(data.token, service);
try {
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().serviceDoneExecuting(
data.token, 0, 0, 0);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
// nothing to do.
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
小结
通过对ContextImp的分析可知，其方法的大多数操作都是直接调用其属性mPackageInfo(该属性类型为PackageInfo)的相关方法而来。这说明ContextImp是一种轻量级类，而PackageInfo才是真正重量级的类。而一个App里的所有ContextImpl实例，都对应同一个packageInfo对象。