【JAVA】浅谈java枚举类

2022-11-16 20:48:21

一、什么情况下使用枚举类？

　　有的时候一个类的对象是有限且固定的，这种情况下我们使用枚举类就比较方便？

二、为什么不用静态常量来替代枚举类呢？

    public static final int SEASON_SPRING = 1;

    public static final int SEASON_SUMMER = 2;

    public static final int SEASON_FALL = 3;

    public static final int SEASON_WINTER = 4;

　　枚举类更加直观，类型安全。使用常量会有以下几个缺陷：

　　1. 类型不安全。若一个方法中要求传入季节这个参数，用常量的话，形参就是int类型，开发者传入任意类型的int类型值就行，但是如果是枚举类型的话，就只能传入枚举类中包含的对象。

　　2. 没有命名空间。开发者要在命名的时候以SEASON_开头，这样另外一个开发者再看这段代码的时候，才知道这四个常量分别代表季节。

三、枚举类入门

　　先看一个简单的枚举类。

package enumcase;

public enum SeasonEnum {

    SPRING,SUMMER,FALL,WINTER;

}

enum和class、interface的地位一样
使用enum定义的枚举类默认继承了java.lang.Enum，而不是继承Object类。枚举类可以实现一个或多个接口。
枚举类的所有实例都必须放在第一行展示，不需使用new 关键字，不需显式调用构造器。自动添加public static final修饰。
使用enum定义、非抽象的枚举类默认使用final修饰，不可以被继承。
枚举类的构造器只能是私有的。

四、枚举类介绍

　　枚举类内也可以定义属性和方法，可是是静态的和非静态的。

package enumcase;

public enum SeasonEnum {

    SPRING("春天"),SUMMER("夏天"),FALL("秋天"),WINTER("冬天");

    private final String name;

    private SeasonEnum(String name)

    {

        this.name = name;

    }

    public String getName() {

        return name;

    }

}

　实际上在第一行写枚举类实例的时候，默认是调用了构造器的，所以此处需要传入参数，因为没有显式申明无参构造器，只能调用有参数的构造器。

　　构造器需定义成私有的，这样就不能在别处申明此类的对象了。枚举类通常应该设计成不可变类，它的Field不应该被改变，这样会更安全，而且代码更加简洁。所以我们将Field用private final修饰。

五、枚举类实现接口

　　枚举类可以实现一个或多个接口。与普通类一样，实现接口的时候需要实现接口中定义的所有方法，若没有完全实现，那这个枚举类就是抽象的，只是不需显式加上abstract修饰，系统化会默认加上。

package enumcase;

public enum Operation {

    PLUS{

        @Override

        public double eval(double x, double y) {

            return x + y;

        }

    },

    MINUS{

        @Override

        public double eval(double x, double y) {

            return x - y;

        }

    },

    TIMES{

        @Override

        public double eval(double x, double y) {

            return x * y;

        }

    },

    DIVIDE{

        @Override

        public double eval(double x, double y) {

            return x / y;

        }

    };

    /**

     * 抽象方法，由不同的枚举值提供不同的实现。

     * @param x

     * @param y

     * @return

     */

    public abstract double eval(double x, double y);

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.out.println(Operation.PLUS.eval(10, 2));

        System.out.println(Operation.MINUS.eval(10, 2));

        System.out.println(Operation.TIMES.eval(10, 2));

        System.out.println(Operation.DIVIDE.eval(10, 2));

    }

}

　　Operatio类实际上是抽象的，不可以创建枚举值，所以此处在申明枚举值的时候，都实现了抽象方法，这其实是匿名内部类的实现，花括号部分是一个类体。我们可以看下编译以后的文件。

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" alt="" />

　　共生成了五个class文件，这样就证明了PLUS,MINUS,TIMES,DIVIDE是Operation的匿名内部类的实例。

六、switch语句里的表达式可以是枚举值

　　Java5新增了enum关键字，同时扩展了switch。

package enumcase;

public class SeasonTest {

    public void judge(SeasonEnum s)

    {

        switch(s)

        {

        case SPRING:

            System.out.println("春天适合踏青。");

            break;

        case SUMMER:

            System.out.println("夏天要去游泳啦。");

            break;

        case FALL:

            System.out.println("秋天一定要去旅游哦。");

            break;

        case WINTER:

            System.out.println("冬天要是下雪就好啦。");

            break;

        }

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        SeasonEnum s = SeasonEnum.SPRING;

        SeasonTest test = new SeasonTest();

        test.judge(s);

    }

}

　　case表达式中直接写入枚举值，不需加入枚举类作为限定。

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