第四章:Linux文件及目录管理命令基础(三)

  • 补充

    /etc/hostname :CenOS7主机名配置文件

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /etc/hostname 
    oldboyedu
    
    

    /etc/sysconfig/network C6主机名配置文件

    [root@oldboy ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
    NETWORKING=yes
    HOSTNAME=oldboy
    
    • 修改主机名

      • 永久生效

        [root@oldboyedu ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname oldboy
        [root@oldboyedu ~]# hostname
        oldboy
        
      • 临时改一下

        [root@oldboyedu ~]# hostname sun
        [root@oldboyedu ~]# hostname
        sun
        

    /etc/sysctl.conf Linux内核参数信息文件※※※※※

    调整Linux系统、优化需要配置这个文件

    sysctl -p 让修改后的文件生效

一、/usr目录 用户相关

1、 /usr/local:源码编译安装软件默认的位置路径

  • 软件安装(了解):
    • rpm安装
      • rpm -ivh 软件包的包名.rpm(几乎不用)
    • yum安装,rpm包管理器,智能帮我们找一个软件包需要的依赖包(推荐)
      • 本质就是rpm安装。自动解决依赖,自动使用rpm命令实现安装。
    • 源代码安装。

2./usr/src:存放源码文件的目录

二、/var/目录 Linux记录各种日志目录

1./var/log:记录系统及软件运行信息文件所在的目录

log日志信息====计算机运行行为

2./var/log/messages:Linux系统级别日志文件*****

记录Linux系统运行行为的文件,正常行为 非正常行为。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail /var/log/messages 
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu NetworkManager[1134]: <info>  [1586258532.0068] policy: set-hostname: set hostname to 'oldboy' (from system configuration)
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu dbus[887]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.nm_dispatcher' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service'
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu systemd: Starting Network Manager Script Dispatcher Service...
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu systemd-hostnamed: Changed host name to 'oldboy'
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu dbus[887]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.nm_dispatcher'
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu systemd: Started Network Manager Script Dispatcher Service.
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu nm-dispatcher: req:1 'hostname': new request (2 scripts)
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu nm-dispatcher: req:1 'hostname': start running ordered scripts...
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu nm-dispatcher: req:2 'hostname': new request (2 scripts)
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu nm-dispatcher: req:2 'hostname': start running ordered scripts...

3./var/log/secure:用户登录信息日志文件(安全日志文件)

[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail /var/log/secure 
Apr  7 19:19:55 oldboyedu polkitd[880]: Loading rules from directory /usr/share/polkit-1/rules.d
Apr  7 19:19:55 oldboyedu polkitd[880]: Finished loading, compiling and executing 2 rules
Apr  7 19:19:55 oldboyedu polkitd[880]: Acquired the name org.freedesktop.PolicyKit1 on the system bus
Apr  7 19:19:58 oldboyedu sshd[1489]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Apr  7 19:19:58 oldboyedu sshd[1489]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Apr  7 19:20:05 oldboyedu sshd[3398]: reverse mapping checking getaddrinfo for bogon [10.0.0.1] failed - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
Apr  7 19:20:05 oldboyedu sshd[3398]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 53921 ssh2
Apr  7 19:20:05 oldboyedu sshd[3398]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr  7 19:22:11 oldboyedu polkitd[880]: Registered Authentication Agent for unix-process:9178:14338 (system bus name :1.23 [/usr/bin/pkttyagent --notify-fd 5 --fallback], object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8)
Apr  7 19:22:12 oldboyedu polkitd[880]: Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:9178:14338 (system bus name :1.23, object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) (disconnected from bus)

4./var/log/dmesg:记录硬件信息加载情况的日志文件

[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail /var/log/dmesg
[    5.706282] cryptd: max_cpu_qlen set to 1000
[    5.811659] AVX2 version of gcm_enc/dec engaged.
[    5.811662] AES CTR mode by8 optimization enabled
[    5.850428] Adding 786428k swap on /dev/sda2.  Priority:-2 extents:1 across:786428k FS
[    5.869213] XFS (sda1): Mounting V5 Filesystem
[    6.104993] alg: No test for __gcm-aes-aesni (__driver-gcm-aes-aesni)
[    6.110197] alg: No test for __generic-gcm-aes-aesni (__driver-generic-gcm-aes-aesni)
[    6.122383] XFS (sda1): Ending clean mount
[    6.336590] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
[    6.642353] type=1305 audit(1586258394.437:4): audit_pid=792 old=0 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 subj=system_u:system_r:auditd_t:s0 res=1
  • 对应命令dmesg

三、/proc下的重要路径知识

1./proc/meminfo 查系统内存

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:        3861320 kB
MemFree:         3484452 kB
MemAvailable:    3449064 kB
Buffers:            2076 kB
Cached:           151372 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:           113984 kB
Inactive:         108704 kB
Active(anon):      69920 kB
Inactive(anon):    11140 kB
Active(file):      44064 kB
Inactive(file):    97564 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:        786428 kB
SwapFree:         786428 kB
Dirty:                 0 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:         69264 kB
Mapped:            27244 kB
Shmem:             11820 kB
Slab:              68860 kB
SReclaimable:      27848 kB
SUnreclaim:        41012 kB
KernelStack:        3776 kB
PageTables:         4372 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     2717088 kB
Committed_AS:     269960 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:      185700 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359310332 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:      8192 kB
CmaTotal:              0 kB
CmaFree:               0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       89920 kB
DirectMap2M:     3055616 kB
DirectMap1G:     3145728 kB
  • 对应命令:free

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# free
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:        3861320      195676     3484348       11820      181296     3448960
    Swap:        786428           0      786428
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# free -m   #以兆显示
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:           3770         191        3402          11         177        3368
    Swap:           767           0         767
    
    

2./proc/cpuinfo 查看CPU

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4570 CPU @ 3.20GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x25
cpu MHz		: 3199.073
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 1
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 1
apicid		: 0
initial apicid	: 0
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid xsaveopt arat spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
bogomips	: 6398.14
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 43 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

3./proc/loadavg 查看负载(系统繁忙程度的一个综合指标)

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/loadavg 
0.00 0.02 0.05 2/110 9288
  • 对应命令:uptime

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# uptime 
     19:35:30 up       15 min,   1 user,  load average: 0.00,  0.02,     0.05
    系统时间   启动状态   开机时间   登入用户    平均负载    1分钟  5分钟   15分钟
    

4、/proc/mounts 当前设备挂载列表信息文件

[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail /proc/mounts 
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset cgroup rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset 0 0
configfs /sys/kernel/config configfs rw,relatime 0 0
/dev/sda3 / xfs rw,seclabel,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0
selinuxfs /sys/fs/selinux selinuxfs rw,relatime 0 0
systemd-1 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc autofs rw,relatime,fd=31,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=13527 0 0
debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0
hugetlbfs /dev/hugepages hugetlbfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0
mqueue /dev/mqueue mqueue rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0
/dev/sda1 /boot xfs rw,seclabel,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0
tmpfs /run/user/0 tmpfs rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=386132k,mode=700 0 0

四、CentOS6启动流程

https://www.icode9.com/i/l/?n=18&i=blog/949069/201904/949069-20190419100250340-806933743.jpg

五、CentOS7启动流程

https://www.icode9.com/i/l/?n=18&i=blog/949069/201904/949069-20190421160331677-268089991.png

六、vi/vim编辑器

普通模式:
:set nu 显示行号

普通模式:移动光标:
行尾 $
行首 0
文件尾部 G
文件开头 gg
到指定行 阿拉伯数字gg

普通模式:搜索与替换操作
向下搜索 /3306 继续搜 按n,反向搜N
向上搜索 ?80 继续搜 按n,反向搜N

普通模式:替换
:%s/A/B/g
:%s#world#oldgirl#g
/#还可以用@等特殊字符替换,实际就是分隔符。

s是替换 g表示全局(所有)
指定行号替换:
:4,6s/oldboy/oldgirl/g

普通模式:复制、粘贴、删除等操作
删除单行 dd(剪切)
删除多行 ndd n用任意数字替换
撤销 u
单行复制 yy
多行复制 nyy n用任意数字替换
粘贴 p

进入编辑模式命令
i 插入*****
A 追加 行尾插入
o 下一行开头插入
O 上一行开头插入
a 光标下一个字符插入

命令行模式
:wq 退出并保存
:wq! 退出并强制保存,“!”为强制的意思
:q! 强制退出,不保存
:set nu 显示行号
:set nonu 与set nu相反,取消行号

七、命令

1、cat 查看文件内容

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4570 CPU @ 3.20GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x25
cpu MHz		: 3199.073
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 1
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 1
apicid		: 0
initial apicid	: 0

2.head查看文件开头(默认前10行)

  • -n查看多少行
[root@oldboyedu ~]# seq 30 >test.txt
[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat test.txt 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
[root@oldboyedu ~]# head -n 5 test.txt 
1
2
3
4
5

3.tail 查看文件尾部(默认最后10行)

  • -n查看多少行
[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail test.txt 
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail -n 5 test.txt 
26
27
28
29
30
  • -f 动态查看(用于查看Linux日志文件)
[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail -f  test.txt 
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

4.tac按行翻转文件内容(和cat相反)

5.rev左右按字符翻转行的内容

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