JPA中自定义的插入、更新、删除方法为什么要添加@Modifying注解和@Transactional注解?

  前几天,有个同事在使用JPA的自定义SQL方法时,程序一直报异常,捣鼓了半天也没能解决,咨询我的时候,我看了一眼他的程序,差不多是这个样子的:

 @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User,Long> { @Query(value = "delete from pro_user where id = ?1",nativeQuery = true)
void deleteUserById(Long id);
}

  我告诉他,你的deleteUserById方法缺少了@Modifying注解和@Transactional注解,他半信半疑地试了一下,然后果然就解决了。其实,如果他查一下官方资料或许很快也就能找到答案。基于这个背景,本文详细讲解一下为何我们自定义的插入、更新、删除操作需要加@Modifying注解和@Transactional注解。

一、@Modifying注解

  在官方资料中,给出了这样几句说明:

As the queries themselves are tied to the Java method that executes them, you can actually bind them directly by using the Spring Data JPA @Query annotation
rather than annotating them to the domain class.
You can modify queries that only need parameter binding by annotating the query method with @Modifying The @Modifying annotation is only relevant in combination with the @Query annotation. Derived query methods or custom methods do not require this Annotation. Doing so triggers the query annotated to the method as an updating query instead of a selecting one.

  如下:

@Modifying
@Query("update User u set u.firstname = ?1 where u.lastname = ?2")
int setFixedFirstnameFor(String firstname, String lastname);

  第一句话的意思是可以用@Query注解来将自定义sql语句绑定到自定义方法上。

  第二句话的意思时,可以用@Modifying注解来标注只需要绑定参数的自定义的更新类语句(更新、插入、删除)。

  第三名话的意思是说@Modifying只与@Query联合使用,派生类的查询方法和自定义的方法不需要此注解,如:

 @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User,Long> { // 父类的保存方法
@Override
User save(User entity); // 按照JPA语法规则自定义的查询方法
List<User> findFirst10ByLastname(String lastName, Pageable pageable);
}

  第四句话的意思是,当加上@Modifying注解时,JPA会以更新类语句来执行,而不再是以查询语句执行。  

  也就是说,当我们要通过自已写的更新、插入、删除SQL语句来实现更新、插入、删除操作时,至少需要用两个步骤:

  1)@Query来注入我们自定义的sql;

  2)使用@Modifying来标注是一个更新类的自定义语句。

  按照这个规则,修改同事的那个方法:

  @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User,Long> { @Modifying
@Query(value = "delete from pro_user where id = ?1",nativeQuery = true)
void deleteUserById(Long id);
}

  但是,此时,该方法还不完整,执行时程序会报以下错误:

org.springframework.dao.InvalidDataAccessApiUsageException: Executing an update/delete query; nested exception is javax.persistence.TransactionRequiredException: 
Executing an update/delete query
at org.springframework.orm.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryUtils.convertJpaAccessExceptionIfPossible(EntityManagerFactoryUtils.java:402)
at org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect.translateExceptionIfPossible(HibernateJpaDialect.java:255)
......
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:70)
Caused by: javax.persistence.TransactionRequiredException: Executing an update/delete query
at org.hibernate.internal.AbstractSharedSessionContract.checkTransactionNeededForUpdateOperation(AbstractSharedSessionContract.java:398)
at org.hibernate.query.internal.AbstractProducedQuery.executeUpdate(AbstractProducedQuery.java:1585)
.......

二、@Transactional注解

  官方的说明:

  By default, CRUD methods on repository instances are transactional. For read operations, the transaction configuration readOnly flag is set to true. All others are configured with a plain @Transactional so that default transaction configuration applies. For details, see JavaDoc of SimpleJpaRepository. If you need to tweak transaction configuration for one of the methods declared in a repository, redeclare the method in your repository interface, as follows:

  Example. Custom transaction configuration for CRUD

 public interface UserRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long> {

   @Override
@Transactional(timeout = 10)
public List<User> findAll(); // Further query method declarations
}

  这句话的意思是,默认情况下,repository 接口中的CRUD方法都是被@Transactional注解修饰了的,对于读的操作方法,@Transactional注解的readOnly属性是被设置为true的,即只读;CRUD中的其他方法被@Transactional修饰,即非只读。如果你需要修改repository 接口中的某些方法的事务属性,可以在该方法上重新加上@Transactional注解,并设置需要的属性。

  我们先来看一下,@Transactional注解的源码:

 @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Inherited
@Documented
public @interface Transactional { Propagation propagation() default Propagation.REQUIRED; Isolation isolation() default Isolation.DEFAULT; int timeout() default -1; boolean readOnly() default false; // 其他省略
}

  由上可见@Transactional注解的readOnly默认的属性的false,即非只读,当一个事务是非只读事务的时候,我们可以进行任何操作。

  再看一下repository 接口的实现类SimpleJpaRepository的源码(只摘了部分源码):

 @Repository
@Transactional(
readOnly = true
)
public class SimpleJpaRepository<T, ID> implements JpaRepositoryImplementation<T, ID> { @Transactional
public void deleteById(ID id) {
Assert.notNull(id, "The given id must not be null!");
this.delete(this.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -> {
return new EmptyResultDataAccessException(String.format("No %s entity with id %s exists!", this.entityInformation.getJavaType(), id), 1);
}));
} @Transactional
public void delete(T entity) {
Assert.notNull(entity, "The entity must not be null!");
this.em.remove(this.em.contains(entity) ? entity : this.em.merge(entity));
} @Transactional
public void deleteAll(Iterable<? extends T> entities) {
Assert.notNull(entities, "The given Iterable of entities not be null!");
Iterator var2 = entities.iterator(); while(var2.hasNext()) {
T entity = var2.next();
this.delete(entity);
}
} public T getOne(ID id) {
Assert.notNull(id, "The given id must not be null!");
return this.em.getReference(this.getDomainClass(), id);
} public List<T> findAll() {
return this.getQuery((Specification)null, (Sort)Sort.unsorted()).getResultList();
} public List<T> findAll(@Nullable Specification<T> spec) {
return this.getQuery(spec, Sort.unsorted()).getResultList();
} public List<T> findAll(@Nullable Specification<T> spec, Sort sort) {
return this.getQuery(spec, sort).getResultList();
} public <S extends T> long count(Example<S> example) {
return executeCountQuery(this.getCountQuery(new SimpleJpaRepository.ExampleSpecification(example), example.getProbeType()));
} public <S extends T> boolean exists(Example<S> example) {
return !this.getQuery(new SimpleJpaRepository.ExampleSpecification(example), example.getProbeType(), (Sort)Sort.unsorted()).getResultList().isEmpty();
} @Transactional
public <S extends T> S save(S entity) {
if (this.entityInformation.isNew(entity)) {
this.em.persist(entity);
return entity;
} else {
return this.em.merge(entity);
}
} @Transactional
public <S extends T> S saveAndFlush(S entity) {
S result = this.save(entity);
this.flush();
return result;
} @Transactional
public void flush() {
this.em.flush();
}
}

  从SimpleJpaRepository源码中可以看出:

    1)该类上注解了只读事务@Transactional(readOnly = true);

2)该类的所有查询类操作方法都与类相同,都拥有只读事务;

3)该类的所有保存、更新、删除操作方法都用@Transactional重新注解了(默认readOnly=false)。

  说明JPA为我们提供的所有方法,包括JPA规则的自定义方法在其底层都为我们做好了事务处理,而我们自定义的方法需要自己来标注事务的类型是只读还是非只读。根据这个原理,再次修改开篇所列出的方法:

 @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User,Long> { @Transactional
@Modifying
@Query(value = "delete from pro_user where id = ?1",nativeQuery = true)
void deleteUserById(Long id);
}

  至此,该方法按所期望的结果运行成功了。

三、@Modifying注解补充说明

 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE })
@Documented
public @interface Modifying { boolean flushAutomatically() default false; boolean clearAutomatically() default false;
}

  该注解中有两个属性:flushAutomatically、clearAutomatically,从字面理解是自动刷新和自动清除。

  自动刷新,即执行完语句后立即将变化内容刷新到磁盘,如果是insert语句操作,则与JPA的<S extends T> S saveAndFlush(S entity);方法效果相同;

  自动清除,即执行完语句后自动清除掉已经过期的实体,比如,我们删除了一个实体,但是在还没有执行flush操作时,这个实体还存在于实体管理器EntityManager中,但这个实体已经过期没有任何用处,直到flush操作时才会被删除掉。如果希望在删除该实体时立即将该实体从实体管理器中删除,则可以将该属性设置为true,如:

 @Modifying(clearAutomatically = true)
@Transactional
@Query(value = "delete from pro_user where id = ?1",nativeQuery = true)
void deleteUserById(Long id);
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