##################################################################

# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #

##################################################################

def all(self)

    # 获取所有的数据对象

def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)

    # 条件查询

    # 条件可以是：参数，字典，Q

def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)

    # 条件查询

    # 条件可以是：参数，字典，Q

def select_related(self, *fields)

     性能相关：表之间进行join连表操作，一次性获取关联的数据。

     model.tb.objects.all().select_related()

     model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段')

     model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段')

def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)

    性能相关：多表连表操作时速度会慢，使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。

            # 获取所有用户表

            # 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID)

            models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段')

            from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField

            Article.objects.annotate(

                numviews=Count(Case(

                    When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1),

                    output_field=CharField(),

                ))

            )

            students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum(

                models.Case(

                    models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1),

                default=0,

                output_field=models.IntegerField()

            )))

def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)

    # 用于实现聚合group by查询

    from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))

    # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)

    # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1

    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)

    # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1

def distinct(self, *field_names)

    # 用于distinct去重

    models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()

    # select distinct nid from userinfo

    注：只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重

def order_by(self, *field_names)

    # 用于排序

    models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')

def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)

    # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射，如：子查询

    Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))

    Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])

    Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])

    Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])

 def reverse(self):

    # 倒序

    models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()

    # 注：如果存在order_by，reverse则是倒序，如果多个排序则一一倒序

 def defer(self, *fields):

    models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')

    或

    models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')

    #映射中排除某列数据

 def only(self, *fields):

    #仅取某个表中的数据

     models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')

     或

     models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')

 def using(self, alias):

     指定使用的数据库，参数为别名（setting中的设置）

##################################################

# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #

##################################################

def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):

    # 执行原生SQL

    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo')

    # 如果SQL是其他表时，必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名

    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表')

    # 为原生SQL设置参数

    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])

    # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名

    name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}

    Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)

    # 指定数据库

    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")

    ################### 原生SQL ###################

    from django.db import connection, connections

    cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()

    cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])

    row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)

def values(self, *fields):

    # 获取每行数据为字典格式

def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):

    # 获取每行数据为元祖

def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):

    # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容

    # kind只能是："year"（年）, "month"（年-月）, "day"（年-月-日）

    # order只能是："ASC"  "DESC"

    # 并获取转换后的时间

        - year : 年-01-01

        - month: 年-月-01

        - day  : 年-月-日

    models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')

def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):

    # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容，将时间转换为指定时区时间

    # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"

    # order只能是："ASC"  "DESC"

    # tzinfo时区对象

    models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)

    models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))

    """

    pip3 install pytz

    import pytz

    pytz.all_timezones

    pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)

    """

def none(self):

    # 空QuerySet对象

####################################

# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #

####################################

def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):

   # 聚合函数，获取字典类型聚合结果

   from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum

   result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))

   ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}

def count(self):

   # 获取个数

def get(self, *args, **kwargs):

   # 获取单个对象

def create(self, **kwargs):

   # 创建对象

def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):

    # 批量插入

    # batch_size表示一次插入的个数

    objs = [

        models.DDD(name='r11'),

        models.DDD(name='r22')

    ]

    models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)

def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):

    # 如果存在，则获取，否则，创建

    # defaults 指定创建时，其他字段的值

    obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})

def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):

    # 如果存在，则更新，否则，创建

    # defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段

    obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})

def first(self):

   # 获取第一个

def last(self):

   # 获取最后一个

def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):

   # 根据主键ID进行查找

   id_list = [11,21,31]

   models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)

def delete(self):

   # 删除

def update(self, **kwargs):

    # 更新

def exists(self):

   # 是否有结果