Kerberos是怎么工作的？

2022-11-08 10:28:47

Kerberos是一种计算机网络授权协议，用来在非安全网络中，对个人通信以安全的手段进行身份认证。采用客户端/服务器结构，并且能够进行相互认证，即客户端和服务器端均可对对方进行身份认证。

关键要素

KDC:Key Distribution Center – Each user and service shares a secret key with the KDC – The KDC generates and distributes session keys – Communicating parties prove to each other that they

KDC 包含两部分：

– Authentication Server (AS) ● Issues “Ticket-Granting Tickets” (TGT) – Ticket Granting Server (TGS) ● Issues service tickets

交互过程

client向KDS发用户名和服务端名称
KDC回应TGT，使用用户密码加密；
client输入密码，解密TGT
到手的TGT，用来和KDC通信（我已经有TGT了，属于被你信任的列表中，给我我想要的东西吧），进一步获取service tickets. img:k1.jpg
KDC返回用户service tickets，
用户拿service tickets和Server通信，请求授权；
server端授权完成，建立session；

交互流程图：

用户命令

kinit # 与KDC通信，请求授权
klist # 查看已授权列表

colin@n6-131-078:~$ klist
Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_1098
Default principal: colin@XXX.COM

Valid starting       Expires              Service principal
06/21/2016 11:43:29  06/22/2016 11:43:26  krbtgt/BYTEDANCE.COM@BYTEDANCE.COM # TGT
06/21/2016 11:43:45  06/22/2016 11:43:26  host/10.2.26.137@       # host service ticket
06/21/2016 11:43:45  06/22/2016 11:43:26  host/10.2.26.137@BYTEDANCE.COM

Kerberos principals

Clients (users or services) are identified by “principals” Principals look like: primary/instance@realm

– Primary: user or service name – Instance: optional for user principals, but required for service principals – Realm: the Kerberos realm

Examples:

– User: joe@FOO.COM – Service: imap/bar.foo.com@FOO.COM

如何搭建一个Kerberos KDC？

准备工作：

Configure NTP (time synchronization) across all machines
Configure DNS
Configuration files

– /etc/krb5.conf – /etc/kadm5.acl
Prepare the Kerberos database – Initialize the Kerberos database – Add administrator’s principal – Start the KDC and KDC administration processes
Create user principals – Note: service principals are created when configuring your other services to support Kerberos authentication

如何搭建一个Kerberos 客户端？

Configuration file /etc/krb5.conf You can just copy this from the KDC
Service principals
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) （重点是这个，我们需要配置登录到服务器，就配置这个） – Needed if you want to be able to authenticate users logging into this machine via Kerberos

参考

http://www.logicprobe.org/~octo/pres/pres_kerberos.pdf
http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-1.12/doc/index.html

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