C语言关键字之sizeof

C语言关键字 sizeof 是一个操作符,返回对象或类型所占内存字节数,类型为size_t(定义在<stddef.h>),有2种用法:

  • sizeof unary-expression
  • sizeof (type-name)

sizeof不能应用的场合:

  • an expression that has function type or an incomplete type
  • the parenthesized name of such a type
  • an expression that designates a bit-field member

如果操作数的类型是VLA (variable length array),要进行evaluate;否则不需要evaluate,结果是一个整形常量。

示例1 进程间通信 比如storage allocator 和 I/O system

extern void *alloc(size_t);
double *dp = alloc(sizeof *dp);

示例2 计算数组中元素个数

sizeof array / sizeof array[]

示例3 VLA大小计算

#include <stddef.h>
size_t fsize3(int n)
{
  char b[n+]; // variable length array
  return sizeof b; // execution time sizeof
}
int main()
{
  size_t size;
  size = fsize3(); // fsize3 returns 13
  return ;
}

ANSI C规定字符型1字节,其余sizeof的返回结果与编译器实现相关。在32位系统中:

1. 基本类型

_Bool 1

char 1

short 2

int 4

long 4

long long 8

float 4

double 8

long double 12

_Complex 16

void 1

2. 指针

4

3. 枚举

4

4. 数组

数组长度 * 数组成员size

5. 结构体

字节对齐值:ALIGN
基本类型成员:SIZE

每个成员相对于结构体首地址的偏移都是min(ALIGN, SIZE)的整数倍,可能在成员间加填充字节
结构体总大小为min(ALIGN, SIZEmax)的整数倍,可能在最后一个成员后加填充字节

6. 联合

规则类似struct

测试程序:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <complex.h> #define SIZEOF(x) printf("size of '%s' is %zd\n", #x, sizeof(x)); int main() {
SIZEOF(_Bool);
SIZEOF(char);
SIZEOF(short);
SIZEOF(int);
SIZEOF(long);
SIZEOF(long long);
SIZEOF(float);
SIZEOF(double);
SIZEOF(long double); // depends on -m128bit-long-double
SIZEOF(_Complex);
SIZEOF(void); SIZEOF(void*);
SIZEOF(void (*)(void)); // function pointer SIZEOF(enum {E}); SIZEOF(char []); // zero-size array
SIZEOF(int []); SIZEOF(struct {}); // empty struct
SIZEOF(struct {char c;});
SIZEOF(struct {char c; short s;}); // alignment
SIZEOF(struct {int i; char c;});
SIZEOF(struct {int i; char c;} __attribute__((packed)));
#pragma pack(push)
#pragma pack(1)
printf("With #pragma pack(1): ");
SIZEOF(struct {int i; char c;});
#pragma pack(pop)
SIZEOF(struct {double d; char c;}); // depends on -malign-double SIZEOF(struct {char c1:; char :; char c2:;}); // bit field
SIZEOF(struct {int i:; char c:;}); SIZEOF(struct {struct {int i; char c;}; short s;});
SIZEOF(struct {struct {short s1; char c;}; short s2;});
SIZEOF(struct {char c2; struct {short s1; char c1;}; short s2;}); SIZEOF(union {char c; int i;}); // union
return ;
}
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