C语言关键字 sizeof 是一个操作符,返回对象或类型所占内存字节数,类型为size_t(定义在<stddef.h>),有2种用法:
- sizeof unary-expression
- sizeof (type-name)
sizeof不能应用的场合:
- an expression that has function type or an incomplete type
- the parenthesized name of such a type
- an expression that designates a bit-field member
如果操作数的类型是VLA (variable length array),要进行evaluate;否则不需要evaluate,结果是一个整形常量。
示例1 进程间通信 比如storage allocator 和 I/O system
extern void *alloc(size_t);
double *dp = alloc(sizeof *dp);
示例2 计算数组中元素个数
sizeof array / sizeof array[]
示例3 VLA大小计算
#include <stddef.h>
size_t fsize3(int n)
{
char b[n+]; // variable length array
return sizeof b; // execution time sizeof
}
int main()
{
size_t size;
size = fsize3(); // fsize3 returns 13
return ;
}
ANSI C规定字符型1字节,其余sizeof的返回结果与编译器实现相关。在32位系统中:
1. 基本类型
_Bool 1
char 1
short 2
int 4
long 4
long long 8
float 4
double 8
long double 12
_Complex 16
void 1
2. 指针
4
3. 枚举
4
4. 数组
数组长度 * 数组成员size
5. 结构体
字节对齐值:ALIGN
基本类型成员:SIZE
每个成员相对于结构体首地址的偏移都是min(ALIGN, SIZE)的整数倍,可能在成员间加填充字节
结构体总大小为min(ALIGN, SIZEmax)的整数倍,可能在最后一个成员后加填充字节
6. 联合
规则类似struct
测试程序:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <complex.h> #define SIZEOF(x) printf("size of '%s' is %zd\n", #x, sizeof(x)); int main() {
SIZEOF(_Bool);
SIZEOF(char);
SIZEOF(short);
SIZEOF(int);
SIZEOF(long);
SIZEOF(long long);
SIZEOF(float);
SIZEOF(double);
SIZEOF(long double); // depends on -m128bit-long-double
SIZEOF(_Complex);
SIZEOF(void); SIZEOF(void*);
SIZEOF(void (*)(void)); // function pointer SIZEOF(enum {E}); SIZEOF(char []); // zero-size array
SIZEOF(int []); SIZEOF(struct {}); // empty struct
SIZEOF(struct {char c;});
SIZEOF(struct {char c; short s;}); // alignment
SIZEOF(struct {int i; char c;});
SIZEOF(struct {int i; char c;} __attribute__((packed)));
#pragma pack(push)
#pragma pack(1)
printf("With #pragma pack(1): ");
SIZEOF(struct {int i; char c;});
#pragma pack(pop)
SIZEOF(struct {double d; char c;}); // depends on -malign-double SIZEOF(struct {char c1:; char :; char c2:;}); // bit field
SIZEOF(struct {int i:; char c:;}); SIZEOF(struct {struct {int i; char c;}; short s;});
SIZEOF(struct {struct {short s1; char c;}; short s2;});
SIZEOF(struct {char c2; struct {short s1; char c1;}; short s2;}); SIZEOF(union {char c; int i;}); // union
return ;
}