To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
See "man sudo_root" for details.
qiancheng@ubuntu:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 393M 6.2M 386M 2% /run
/dev/sda1 19G 4.3G 14G 24% /
tmpfs 2.0G 320K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 393M 8.0K 393M 1% /run/user/108
tmpfs 393M 48K 393M 1% /run/user/1000
qiancheng@ubuntu:~$ mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,relatime,size=1978080k,nr_inodes=494520,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=401568k,mode=755)
/dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls,net_prio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,rdma)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=28,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=20268)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,pagesize=2M)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)
configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,relatime)
vmware-vmblock on /run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)
tmpfs on /run/user/108 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=401568k,mode=700,uid=108,gid=114)
tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=401568k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000)
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000)
qiancheng@ubuntu:~$ fdisk -l
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sdb: Permission denied
qiancheng@ubuntu:~$ sudo su
[sudo] password for qiancheng:
root@ubuntu:/home/qiancheng# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x30e7cfc5
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 39942143 39940096 19G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39944190 41940991 1996802 975M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39944192 41940991 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
root@ubuntu:/home/qiancheng# cd /mnt/
root@ubuntu:/mnt# ls
root@ubuntu:/mnt# mkdir mnt_1
root@ubuntu:/mnt# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
root@ubuntu:/mnt# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 393M 6.2M 386M 2% /run
/dev/sda1 19G 4.3G 14G 24% /
tmpfs 2.0G 212K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 393M 4.0K 393M 1% /run/user/108
tmpfs 393M 48K 393M 1% /run/user/1000
root@ubuntu:/mnt# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 25 23:37 ./
drwxr-xr-x 24 root root 4096 Oct 25 18:46 ../
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 23:37 mnt_1/
root@ubuntu:/mnt# cd /
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/^C
root@ubuntu:/# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x30e7cfc5
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 39942143 39940096 19G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39944190 41940991 1996802 975M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39944192 41940991 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sd /mnt/mnt_1/
sda sda1 sda2 sda5 sdb
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sd /mnt/mnt_1/
sda sda1 sda2 sda5 sdb
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/
sdb
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/
sdb
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/
sdb
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
root@ubuntu:/# ls
bin dev initrd.img lib64 mnt root snap tmp vmlinuz
boot etc initrd.img.old lost+found opt run srv usr
cdrom home lib media proc sbin sys var
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/^C
root@ubuntu:/# ^C
root@ubuntu:/# ^C
root@ubuntu:/# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x30e7cfc5
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 39942143 39940096 19G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39944190 41940991 1996802 975M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39944192 41940991 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/ auto
Usage:
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [options]
mount [options] [--source] <source> | [--target] <directory>
mount [options] <source> <directory>
mount <operation> <mountpoint> [<target>]
Mount a filesystem.
Options:
-a, --all mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
-c, --no-canonicalize don't canonicalize paths
-f, --fake dry run; skip the mount(2) syscall
-F, --fork fork off for each device (use with -a)
-T, --fstab <path> alternative file to /etc/fstab
-i, --internal-only don't call the mount.<type> helpers
-l, --show-labels show also filesystem labels
-n, --no-mtab don't write to /etc/mtab
-o, --options <list> comma-separated list of mount options
-O, --test-opts <list> limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
-r, --read-only mount the filesystem read-only (same as -o ro)
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
--source <src> explicitly specifies source (path, label, uuid)
--target <target> explicitly specifies mountpoint
-v, --verbose say what is being done
-w, --rw, --read-write mount the filesystem read-write (default)
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
Source:
-L, --label <label> synonym for LABEL=<label>
-U, --uuid <uuid> synonym for UUID=<uuid>
LABEL=<label> specifies device by filesystem label
UUID=<uuid> specifies device by filesystem UUID
PARTLABEL=<label> specifies device by partition label
PARTUUID=<uuid> specifies device by partition UUID
<device> specifies device by path
<directory> mountpoint for bind mounts (see --bind/rbind)
<file> regular file for loopdev setup
Operations:
-B, --bind mount a subtree somewhere else (same as -o bind)
-M, --move move a subtree to some other place
-R, --rbind mount a subtree and all submounts somewhere else
--make-shared mark a subtree as shared
--make-slave mark a subtree as slave
--make-private mark a subtree as private
--make-unbindable mark a subtree as unbindable
--make-rshared recursively mark a whole subtree as shared
--make-rslave recursively mark a whole subtree as slave
--make-rprivate recursively mark a whole subtree as private
--make-runbindable recursively mark a whole subtree as unbindable
For more details see mount(8).
root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/ -a
root@ubuntu:/# cd /mnt/mnt_1/
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ls
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 393M 6.2M 387M 2% /run
/dev/sda1 19G 4.3G 14G 24% /
tmpfs 2.0G 212K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 393M 48K 393M 1% /run/user/1000
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/^C
bash: root@ubuntu:/#: No such file or directory
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# root@ubuntu:/# ^C
bash: root@ubuntu:/#: No such file or directory
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# root@ubuntu:/# ^C
bash: root@ubuntu:/#: No such file or directory
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# root@ubuntu:/# fdisk -l
bash: root@ubuntu:/#: No such file or directory
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Disk /dev/sda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
No command 'Disk' found, did you mean:
Command 'risk' from package 'xfrisk' (universe)
Disk: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Units:: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Disklabel type: dos
Disklabel: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Disk identifier: 0x30e7cfc5
No command 'Disk' found, did you mean:
Command 'risk' from package 'xfrisk' (universe)
Disk: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
Device: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# /dev/sda1 * 2048 39942143 39940096 19G 83 Linux
bash: /dev/sda1: Permission denied
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# /dev/sda2 39944190 41940991 1996802 975M 5 Extended
bash: /dev/sda2: Permission denied
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# /dev/sda5 39944192 41940991 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
bash: /dev/sda5: Permission denied
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Disk /dev/sdb: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
No command 'Disk' found, did you mean:
Command 'risk' from package 'xfrisk' (universe)
Disk: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Units:: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# root@ubuntu:/# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/mnt_1/ auto
bash: root@ubuntu:/#: No such file or directory
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Usage:
Usage:: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# mount [-lhV]
mount: can't find [-lhV] in /etc/fstab
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# mount -a [options]
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# mount [options] [--source] <source> | [--target] <directory>
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `|'
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# mount [options] <source> <directory>
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `<'
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# mount <operation> <mountpoint> [<target>]
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `<'
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Mount a filesystem.
No command 'Mount' found, did you mean:
Command 'mount' from package 'mount' (main)
Mount: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# Options:
Options:: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# -a, --all mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
-a,: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# -c, --no-canonicalize don't canonicalize paths
> -f, --fake dry run; skip the mount(2) syscall
> -F, --fork fork off for each device (use with -a)
> -T, --fstab <path> alternative file to /etc/fstab
> -i, --internal-only don't call the mount.<type> helpers
bash: type: No such file or directory
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# -l, --show-labels show also filesystem labels
-l,: command not found
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# -n, --no-mtab don't write to /etc/mtab
> -o, --options <list> comma-separated list of mount options
> -O, --test-opts <list> limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
> -r, --read-only mount the filesystem read-only (same as -o ro)
> -t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
> --source <src> explicitly specifies source (path, label, uuid)
> --target <target> explicitly specifies mountpoint
> -v, --verbose say what is being done
> -w, --rw, --read-write mount the filesystem read-write (default)
>
> -h, --help display this help and exit
> -V, --version output version information and exit
>
> Source:
> -L, --label <label> synonym for LABEL=<label>
> -U, --uuid <uuid> synonym for UUID=<uuid>
> LABEL=<label> specifies device by filesystem label
> UUID=<uuid> specifies device by filesystem UUID
> PARTLABEL=<label> specifies device by partition label
> PARTUUID=<uuid> specifies device by partition UUID
> <device> specifies device by path
> <directory> mountpoint for bind mounts (see --bind/rbind)
> <file> regular file for loopdev setup
>
> Operations:
> -B, --bind mount a subtree somewhere else (same as -o bind)
> -M, --move move a subtree to some other place
> -R, --rbind mount a subtree and all submounts somewhere else
> --make-shared mark a subtree as shared
> --make-slave mark a subtree as slave
> --make-private mark a subtree as private
> --make-unbindable mark a subtree as unbindable
> --make-rshared recursively mark a whole subtree as shared
> --make-rslave recursively mark a whole subtree as slave
> --make-rprivate recursively mark a whole subtree as private
> --make-runbindable recursively mark a whole subtree as unbindable
>
>
>
> ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# touch 111
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# vim 111 111
The program 'vim' can be found in the following packages:
* vim
* vim-gnome
* vim-tiny
* vim-athena
* vim-athena-py2
* vim-gnome-py2
* vim-gtk
* vim-gtk-py2
* vim-gtk3
* vim-gtk3-py2
* vim-nox
* vim-nox-py2
Try: apt install <selected package>
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# vim 111
The program 'vim' can be found in the following packages:
* vim
* vim-gnome
* vim-tiny
* vim-athena
* vim-athena-py2
* vim-gnome-py2
* vim-gtk
* vim-gtk-py2
* vim-gtk3
* vim-gtk3-py2
* vim-nox
* vim-nox-py2
Try: apt install <selected package>
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ls
111
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# vi 111
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# cat /usr/^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1# ^C
root@ubuntu:/mnt/mnt_1#